Crash Count for Precinct 63
Crashes: Collisions involving cars, bikes, and pedestrians. 3,479
All Injuries: Any injury from a reported crash. 2,261
Moderate: Broken bones, concussions, and other serious injuries. 347
Serious: Life-altering injuries: amputations, paralysis, severe trauma. 39
Deaths: Lives lost to traffic violence. 7
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Jul 26, 2025

Who’s Injuring and Killing Pedestrians in Precinct 63?

No More Waiting for Dead Bodies

No More Waiting for Dead Bodies

Precinct 63: Jan 1, 2022 - Jul 28, 2025

The Numbers That Don’t Lie

Seven dead. Thirty-eight seriously hurt. That’s the toll on the streets of Precinct 63 since 2022. These are not just numbers—they are neighbors, children, elders. In the last twelve months alone, two more lives ended. Over 800 people injured. The blood dries, but the pain lingers.

The Latest Crashes: No End in Sight

Just this spring, a 30-year-old motorcyclist was killed at Avenue U and Flatbush Avenue. The cause: unsafe speed. Last winter, a 57-year-old man died in a fiery crash on Kings Highway. The cause: unsafe speed. On Flatlands Avenue, a 24-year-old woman was struck and killed while crossing outside a crosswalk. The driver kept going. She never made it home. NYC crash data

Leadership: Promises and Silence

The police have the tools. They can enforce speed limits, ticket reckless drivers, and target crash hotspots. But the carnage continues. “We wait until someone dies. We wait until a tragedy. We wait to say, ‘oh my gosh, how could this possibly have happened?’ We let this happen time and time again.” said State Senator Andrew Gounardes. The city talks about plans. The plans gather dust. “We started talking about a plan in 2014 and it’s now 2025. What is going on? We got word last fall that there was a pause, but an indefinite pause and I don’t know what that means. There’s been no conversation, no updates.” said Assemblymember Marcela Mitaynes.

The Role of Precinct 63

Precinct 63 can act. Officers can crack down on speeding, failure to yield, and reckless driving. They can respond to dangerous conditions and protect the most vulnerable. They just need to know it matters. The silence is a choice.

Call to Action: Make Them Hear You

This is not fate. This is policy. Call your council member. Call the precinct. Demand action. Demand speed enforcement. Demand safer streets. Every day of delay is another family shattered.

Frequently Asked Questions

Where does Precinct 63 sit politically?
It belongs to borough Brooklyn, city council district District 46, assembly district AD 41 and state senate district SD 19.
Which areas are in Precinct 63?
It includes the Flatlands, Marine Park-Mill Basin-Bergen Beach, Marine Park-Plumb Island, Mcguire Fields, Barren Island-Floyd Bennett Field, Jamaica Bay (West), Brooklyn CB56, and Brooklyn CB18 neighborhoods. It also overlaps parts of Council Districts District 42, District 45, and District 46, Assembly Districts AD 41 and AD 59, and State Senate Districts SD 19, SD 21, and SD 22.
What types of vehicles caused injuries and deaths to pedestrians in Precinct 63?
Cars and Trucks: 4 deaths, 8 serious injuries, 282 total injuries. Motorcycles and Mopeds: No deaths, 2 injuries. Bikes: No deaths, 1 injury.
What can police do to protect vulnerable road users here?
Precinct 63 can enforce speed limits, ticket reckless drivers, and target crash hotspots. They can issue failure-to-yield tickets and respond to dangerous conditions. Every ticket, every patrol, every crackdown on speeding is a life protected.
Are these crashes just 'accidents'?
No. The data shows patterns—speeding, failure to yield, unsafe streets. These deaths are preventable with enforcement and safer design.
What can local politicians do?
They can pass laws to lower speed limits, fund street redesigns, and demand enforcement. They can hold agencies accountable for delays and push for action when plans stall.
What is CrashCount?
We’re a tool for helping hold local politicians and other actors accountable for their failure to protect you when you’re walking or cycling in NYC. We update our site constantly to provide you with up to date information on what’s happening in your neighborhood.

Citations

Citations

Other Representatives

Kalman Yeger
Assembly Member Kalman Yeger
District 41
District Office:
3520 Nostrand Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11229
Legislative Office:
Room 324, Legislative Office Building, Albany, NY 12248
Mercedes Narcisse
Council Member Mercedes Narcisse
District 46
District Office:
5827 Flatlands Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11234
718-241-9330
Legislative Office:
250 Broadway, Suite 1792, New York, NY 10007
212-788-7286
Twitter: CMMNarcisse
Roxanne Persaud
State Senator Roxanne Persaud
District 19
District Office:
1222 E. 96th St., Brooklyn, NY 11236
Legislative Office:
Room 409, Legislative Office Building, Albany, NY 12247
Other Geographies

Precinct 63 Police Precinct 63 sits in Brooklyn, District 46, AD 41, SD 19.

It contains Brooklyn CB56, Brooklyn CB18, Flatlands, Marine Park-Mill Basin-Bergen Beach, Marine Park-Plumb Island, Mcguire Fields, Barren Island-Floyd Bennett Field, Jamaica Bay (West).

See also
Boroughs
City Council Districts
State_assembly_districts
State Senate Districts

Traffic Safety Timeline for Police Precinct 63

Sedan Fails to Yield, Hits Pedestrian in Brooklyn

A sedan making a left turn struck a woman crossing with the signal. She suffered hip and leg injuries. The driver failed to yield. The street became a scene of pain and shock.

According to the police report, a 39-year-old woman was crossing Avenue O at E 56 Street in Brooklyn with the signal when a sedan, making a left turn, struck her with its center front end. The report lists "Failure to Yield Right-of-Way" as the driver’s contributing factor. The pedestrian suffered injuries to her hip and upper leg, experienced shock, and reported internal complaints. The vehicle was a 2024 Volvo sedan registered in New Jersey, driven by a licensed New York driver. The crash underscores the danger when drivers fail to yield to pedestrians who have the right of way.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4779692 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Distracted Sedan Driver Hits Pedestrian on Utica

A sedan struck a 50-year-old man crossing Utica Avenue. The driver was distracted and failed to yield. The pedestrian suffered a bruised upper arm. Impact came from the car’s left front bumper. Brooklyn street, night, blood on asphalt.

According to the police report, a sedan making a left turn on Utica Avenue struck a 50-year-old male pedestrian in a marked crosswalk at an intersection. The pedestrian suffered a contusion and upper arm injury but remained conscious. The report lists 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' and 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' as contributing factors. The vehicle’s left front bumper hit the pedestrian, causing visible damage. The driver was licensed and operating a Pennsylvania-registered 2016 Toyota sedan. The pedestrian was crossing without a signal, but this was not listed as a contributing factor. Driver error led to serious injury for a vulnerable road user.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4780283 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
SUV Rear-Ends Another on Flatbush Avenue

Two SUVs collided head-on and rear-end on Flatbush Avenue in Brooklyn. An 86-year-old front-seat passenger suffered whiplash and full-body injuries. The crash stemmed from driver inattention, highlighting dangers of distracted driving in busy city traffic.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 19:53 on Flatbush Avenue in Brooklyn involving two SUVs traveling northbound. The 2023 Kia SUV struck the rear center of the 2018 Jeep SUV, damaging both vehicles. The front passenger in the Jeep, an 86-year-old man, sustained whiplash and injuries to his entire body but was conscious and not ejected. The report cites driver inattention and distraction as the primary contributing factors to the collision. Both drivers were licensed, with the Kia driver from Michigan and the Jeep driver from New York. The injured passenger was restrained by a lap belt. No pedestrian or cyclist was involved, and no victim behaviors were listed as contributing factors. The crash underscores the risks posed by distracted driving on city streets.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4779761 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Distracted Driver Rear-Ends SUV on Avenue U

A distracted driver struck a stopped SUV on Avenue U in Brooklyn. The collision caused upper arm injuries and whiplash to the driver of the rear vehicle. Both vehicles sustained front and rear-end damage in the midday crash.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 12:30 PM on Avenue U in Brooklyn. A 47-year-old male driver, licensed in New York, was operating a 2011 Nissan SUV traveling westbound. He rear-ended a stopped 2024 Nissan SUV with four occupants, registered in Florida. The point of impact was the center front end of the rear vehicle and the center back end of the front vehicle. The report cites 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as the contributing factor for the collision. The injured driver suffered shoulder and upper arm injuries with whiplash but was conscious and not ejected. Both vehicles sustained damage consistent with a rear-end collision. The data highlights driver distraction as the critical error leading to the crash, with no contributing factors attributed to the victims.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4778037 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Unlicensed Driver Killed in Fiery Kings Highway Crash

Steel twisted on Kings Highway. Two sedans collided head-on at speed. Fire erupted. A 57-year-old unlicensed man died, trapped and burned in his Ford. By the time help arrived, the car was ash. Brooklyn night, one life erased.

According to the police report, two sedans collided head-on at speed at Kings Highway and Avenue M in Brooklyn. The report states, 'Steel crumpled. Fire bloomed.' A 57-year-old unlicensed man, driving a Ford sedan, was killed—burned to death while strapped in his seat. The Ford was described as 'ash by the time help came.' The crash occurred at 21:45. The police report cites 'Unsafe Speed' as a contributing factor. The deceased was not ejected and was wearing a lap belt and harness. The data shows the man was unlicensed at the time of the crash. The other vehicle, a Toyota sedan, was also demolished. The report does not list any victim behavior as a contributing factor. The deadly outcome traces directly to unsafe speed and the presence of an unlicensed driver behind the wheel.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4776867 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Trailing Sedan Slams Driver on Kings Hwy

Two sedans collided on Kings Hwy. The rear car hit the lead sedan’s back end. A 30-year-old woman suffered pelvic and abdominal injuries. Police blame following too closely. No visible damage reported.

According to the police report, two sedans crashed at 18:50 on Kings Hwy near New York Ave in Brooklyn. Both vehicles were slowing or stopping when the trailing sedan struck the lead car’s center back end. Police list 'Following Too Closely' as the cause. The lead driver, a 30-year-old woman, suffered injuries to her abdomen and pelvis and was in shock. She was not ejected. No visible complaints or vehicle damage were noted at the scene. The report does not list any victim actions as contributing factors.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4776679 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
SUV Left Turn Slams Sedan on Ralph Ave

SUV turned left into sedan on Ralph Avenue. Sedan driver, 66, injured and incoherent. Both cars hit front ends. Police cite other vehicular factors. Brooklyn street, early morning, metal and flesh collide.

According to the police report, an SUV making a left turn collided with a sedan traveling straight on Ralph Avenue in Brooklyn at 1:12 AM. The sedan’s 66-year-old driver was injured and found incoherent at the scene. The crash involved front-end impacts to both vehicles. The police report lists 'Other Vehicular' as a contributing factor but does not specify further driver errors. No actions by the injured sedan driver are cited as contributing factors. The SUV driver held only a permit license. Both vehicles sustained significant front-end damage.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4776471 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Sedan Driver Injured After Falling Asleep

A 34-year-old man driving a sedan on Belt Parkway fell asleep at the wheel. The vehicle struck an object head-on, causing knee and lower leg injuries. The driver was semiconscious with a concussion, restrained by a lap belt.

According to the police report, the crash occurred on Belt Parkway around 11:00 AM. The driver, a 34-year-old male, was the sole occupant of a 2025 Honda sedan traveling west. The report cites 'Fell Asleep' as the primary contributing factor to the crash. The vehicle impacted an object at the center front end, sustaining damage there. The driver suffered injuries to his knee, lower leg, and foot, and was semiconscious with a concussion. He was restrained by a lap belt and was not ejected from the vehicle. The report explicitly identifies driver error—falling asleep—as the cause, with no other contributing factors listed. No victim behaviors were noted as contributing factors.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4775959 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Sedan Strikes Driver on Belt Parkway Right Side

A 46-year-old male driver suffered back injuries and whiplash after his sedan was struck on the right side doors. The crash occurred while traveling westbound on Belt Parkway. The driver was conscious and not ejected from the vehicle.

According to the police report, a 46-year-old male driver was injured when his 2009 Honda sedan was impacted on the right side doors while traveling westbound on Belt Parkway at 6:00 PM. The driver sustained back injuries and complained of whiplash but remained conscious and was not ejected from the vehicle. The vehicle damage was limited to the right side doors. The report lists the contributing factors as unspecified, providing no direct indication of driver error or victim fault. The driver was licensed in New York and was the sole occupant of the vehicle. No other vehicle details or contributing factors were reported.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4780919 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Driver Drags Person, Hits Pregnant Woman

A city worker crashed into three cars in Bed-Stuy. She dragged a person, struck a car with a pregnant woman, and tried to flee. No life-threatening injuries. Police arrested her near the scene. Charges include assault and reckless endangerment.

Gothamist (2024-11-27) reports a New York City Housing Authority employee crashed into three vehicles near Gates Avenue and Marcus Garvey Boulevard in Brooklyn. Police say the driver, Tanisha Simpson, "swiped an oncoming car," dragged a person trying to get her information, and hit another car with a pregnant woman inside. She then struck a third, unoccupied vehicle before being arrested by city sheriffs nearby. The pregnant woman was taken to a hospital for evaluation. Simpson faces charges of reckless endangerment, assault, and leaving the scene. The incident highlights ongoing risks at busy intersections and underscores the consequences of fleeing after a crash.


Sedan Backs Into Pedestrian Emerging From Parked Car

A 62-year-old woman suffered head injuries and shock after a sedan driver backed unsafely and distractedly into her as she emerged from in front of a parked vehicle in Brooklyn. The driver caused the collision by failing to maintain attention.

According to the police report, the crash occurred in Brooklyn at 17:20 when a sedan driven by a licensed female driver started backing out from a parking position. The pedestrian, a 62-year-old woman, was emerging from in front of a parked vehicle when the sedan struck her. The report cites 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' and 'Backing Unsafely' as contributing factors, highlighting the driver’s failure to maintain awareness during the maneuver. The pedestrian sustained head injuries and was in shock but had no visible complaints at the scene. The vehicle showed no damage despite the impact occurring at the center back end. This incident underscores the dangers posed by inattentive drivers performing backing maneuvers in areas where pedestrians emerge unexpectedly.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4772985 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
2
Brooklyn SUV and Sedan Collide on Mill Ave

Two female drivers collided at Mill Ave and Avenue T in Brooklyn. Both suffered moderate injuries—whiplash and bruising. The SUV struck the sedan’s right side. Police cited traffic control disregard as the cause, highlighting driver error in the crash.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 8:00 PM on Mill Ave near Avenue T in Brooklyn. A 2019 Jeep SUV traveling east struck the right side doors of a 2012 Fiat sedan traveling south. Both drivers, women aged 19 and 51, were injured with moderate severity—whiplash for the younger driver and bruising for the older. Both were conscious and not ejected. The report identifies 'Traffic Control Disregarded' as the contributing factor, indicating a failure by one or both drivers to obey traffic signals or signs. The SUV’s front center end collided with the sedan’s right side doors, causing damage consistent with a side-impact collision. No victim behaviors were listed as contributing factors. The crash underscores driver errors related to traffic control compliance as the primary cause.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4772984 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
2
SUV Fatally Strikes Pedestrian on Flatbush Avenue

A 60-year-old man was crushed beneath the front of a southbound SUV on Flatbush Avenue. The impact was direct and fatal. A parked wood chipper nearby was torn. The street was dark and silent after the deadly collision.

A 60-year-old pedestrian was killed near Flatbush Avenue and Hendrickson Place in Brooklyn when a southbound SUV struck him full-on, according to the police report. The report states the victim was crushed beneath the center front end of the SUV, suffering fatal injuries to his entire body. The SUV was traveling straight ahead at the time of impact. The narrative describes the scene: 'His body struck full-on. A parked wood chipper stood torn. The street was dark. The silence after was complete.' The police report lists contributing factors as unspecified for both driver and pedestrian, providing no details on driver errors or external conditions. The evidence highlights the lethal force of the vehicle’s impact and the systemic dangers present on city streets.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4771642 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Motorcycle Collides With Sedan Turning Right

A northbound motorcyclist struck the left rear bumper of a southbound sedan making a right turn in Brooklyn. The rider, wearing a helmet, suffered abdominal and pelvic abrasions but remained conscious. The crash exposed risks in vehicle turning maneuvers.

According to the police report, at 6:37 AM in Brooklyn near Avenue I, a motorbike traveling north collided with the left rear bumper of a southbound sedan making a right turn. The motorcyclist, a 39-year-old male wearing a helmet, was injured with abrasions to the abdomen and pelvis but remained conscious and was not ejected. The sedan had two occupants, and the driver was licensed in New York. The motorbike's point of impact and damage was the center front end, indicating a frontal collision with the sedan's rear. The report lists the motorcyclist's contributing factors as unspecified, and no explicit driver errors such as failure to yield or speeding are cited. The crash highlights the dangers motorcyclists face when vehicles execute turning maneuvers in traffic.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4771486 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
2
Pick-Up Truck Rear-Ends SUV on Belt Parkway

A pick-up truck struck the rear of an SUV on Belt Parkway, injuring both drivers and a passenger. The impact caused full-body injuries and shock. Police cited following too closely as the primary cause of the crash.

According to the police report, the crash occurred on Belt Parkway at 2:00 PM involving a pick-up truck and a sport utility vehicle (SUV), both traveling eastbound. The pick-up truck, registered in Florida, collided with the right rear bumper of the SUV, registered in New Jersey. The point of impact was the center front end of the pick-up truck and the right rear bumper of the SUV. Police identified 'Following Too Closely' as the contributing factor for the crash. The pick-up truck driver and front passenger, both injured with full-body trauma and in shock, were not ejected from the vehicle. The driver of the SUV was also injured. The report explicitly attributes the crash to driver error of the pick-up truck operator, with no contributing factors noted for the victims. The collision caused significant vehicle damage and bodily injury, underscoring the dangers of tailgating on high-speed roadways.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4770225 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
2
SUV and E-Bike Collide on E 38 St

A northbound SUV struck a westbound e-bike on E 38 St in Brooklyn. Both drivers suffered serious injuries. Police cite disregarded traffic control and unsafe speed as causes. Impact damaged the SUV’s front bumper and the e-bike’s left side doors.

According to the police report, at 21:47 on E 38 St near Avenue S in Brooklyn, a 2014 Mazda SUV traveling north collided with a westbound e-bike. The SUV driver, a 27-year-old woman, and the e-bike rider, a 29-year-old man, both sustained serious injuries, including chest trauma and full-body contusions. The report identifies the primary contributing factors as 'Traffic Control Disregarded' and 'Unsafe Speed' for both drivers. The SUV was damaged at the right front bumper, while the e-bike suffered damage to its left side doors. Both drivers were conscious and not ejected from their vehicles. The SUV driver was restrained with a lap belt and harness; the e-bike rider wore no safety equipment. The collision highlights critical driver errors in obeying traffic controls and managing speed.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4767001 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Aggressive Sedan Slams Pedestrian on Utica Avenue

A sedan barreled south on Utica Avenue and struck a man crossing with the signal. Blood streaked his face. He stood, conscious, torn by steel and rage, his eye lacerated, the street marked by violence and failure.

According to the police report, a sedan traveling south on Utica Avenue at Avenue K struck a 35-year-old man who was crossing the intersection with the signal. The report states the vehicle's front end hit the pedestrian head-on, resulting in severe lacerations to his eye. The pedestrian remained conscious at the scene. The police report explicitly cites 'Aggressive Driving/Road Rage' and 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' as contributing factors in the collision. The pedestrian's behavior—'Crossing With Signal'—is noted in the report, but only after the driver's aggressive actions and failure to yield. The incident underscores the danger posed by aggressive driving and the systemic risks faced by people walking in New York City.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4765153 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Sedan Backs Into 7-Year-Old Pedestrian in Brooklyn

A sedan backed unsafely on New York Avenue and struck a 7-year-old boy. The child suffered a head injury and concussion. The driver’s action caused the crash. The boy was conscious but hurt.

According to the police report, at 11:09 AM near 2069 New York Avenue in Brooklyn, a sedan backed unsafely and struck a 7-year-old male pedestrian. The report states the driver was moving southbound in reverse and hit the child with the vehicle’s left rear bumper. The boy was not in the roadway but was still impacted, suffering a head injury and concussion. The police cite "Backing Unsafely" as the contributing factor. No other contributing factors related to the pedestrian’s behavior are listed. The child was conscious after the crash.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4764089 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Two Sedans Collide on Flatbush Avenue

Two sedans traveling east on Flatbush Avenue collided in a rear-end crash. The lead driver slowed or stopped while the following driver failed to maintain distance and changed lanes unsafely. The following driver suffered head injuries and whiplash.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 6:19 AM on Flatbush Avenue in Brooklyn. Two sedans, both traveling east, were involved. The lead vehicle was slowing or stopping when the following sedan struck it from behind, impacting the center front end of the lead car and the center back end of the trailing car. The following driver, a 38-year-old male, was injured with head trauma and whiplash but was not ejected and remained conscious. The report cites 'Following Too Closely' and 'Unsafe Lane Changing' as contributing factors, along with 'Unsafe Speed' for the following driver. Both drivers were licensed in New York. The crash highlights driver errors in maintaining safe distances and lane discipline, with no contributing factors attributed to the lead driver or any other road users.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4761710 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Distracted SUV Driver Hits Pedestrian Crossing

A 42-year-old man crossing with the signal was struck by an SUV making a right turn. The driver’s inattention caused the collision. The pedestrian suffered a back injury but remained conscious. No vehicle damage was reported at the scene in Brooklyn.

According to the police report, a 42-year-old male pedestrian was injured while crossing East 56 Street at an intersection in Brooklyn. The pedestrian was crossing with the signal when a 2011 Nissan SUV, traveling south and making a right turn, struck him. The report identifies 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as the primary contributing factor to the crash. The pedestrian suffered a back injury and was conscious at the time of the report. The vehicle sustained no damage, and the driver was licensed and operating the vehicle without other noted violations. The collision highlights the dangers posed by distracted driving, especially at intersections where pedestrians have the right of way.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4758763 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04