Crash Count for Precinct 46
Crashes: Collisions involving cars, bikes, and pedestrians. 3,012
All Injuries: Any injury from a reported crash. 1,972
Moderate: Broken bones, concussions, and other serious injuries. 458
Serious: Life-altering injuries: amputations, paralysis, severe trauma. 25
Deaths: Lives lost to traffic violence. 6
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Jul 26, 2025

Who’s Injuring and Killing Pedestrians in Precinct 46?

Bronx Streets Bleed—Drivers Kill, Leaders Sleep

Bronx Streets Bleed—Drivers Kill, Leaders Sleep

Precinct 46: Jan 1, 2022 - Jul 24, 2025

The Slow Grind of Loss

In Precinct 46, the street is a wound that never closes. Since 2022, six people have died and 1,950 have been injured in crashes. Twenty-four were left with injuries so grave they may never heal (NYC Open Data).

Just last week, a 79-year-old driver crashed into two cars and a pole. His 71-year-old passenger, Stella Nyarko-Dei, died at Jacobi Hospital. Seven others were hurt. No one ran. No one was arrested. The cause is still unknown. “One lady was out on the ground. They was giving her medical attention,” said Samuel Cherry.

On July 3rd, a man in a Mustang failed a left turn and mounted the sidewalk. Six people were struck. The driver ran. All six went to Lincoln Hospital. Police said, “Cops are looking for a man who rammed into six people after botching a turn at an intersection in the Bronx.”

The sidewalk is not safe. The crosswalk is not safe. The car always wins.

The Numbers That Do Not Lie

SUVs and cars hurt the most. Since 2022, they have killed two, seriously injured nine, and hurt 329 more. Trucks and buses killed one, injured 21. Motorcycles and mopeds, 42 injuries. Bikes, 15. The numbers are bodies. The bodies are neighbors (NYC Open Data).

Leadership: Action or Absence?

The police in Precinct 46 have the tools. They can enforce speed limits. They can ticket reckless drivers. They can target the corners where blood stains the curb. But the silence is heavy. No bold new enforcement. No public crackdown. No word from the council or the mayor.

The dead do not vote. The injured do not march. But the living can call. The living can demand.

Call to Action: Make Them See

Call your council member. Call the precinct. Demand speed enforcement. Demand failure-to-yield tickets. Demand action at every hotspot.

Do not wait for the next crash. The street will not wait for you.

Frequently Asked Questions

Where does Precinct 46 sit politically?
It belongs to borough Bronx, city council district District 14, assembly district AD 77 and state senate district SD 31.
Which areas are in Precinct 46?
It includes the University Heights (South)-Morris Heights, Mount Hope, Fordham Heights, and Bronx CB5 neighborhoods. It also overlaps parts of Council Districts District 14, District 15, and District 16, Assembly Districts AD 77 and AD 86, and State Senate Districts SD 31, SD 32, and SD 33.
What types of vehicles caused injuries and deaths to pedestrians in Precinct 46?
SUVs and cars: 2 deaths, 329 injuries (including 9 serious). Trucks and buses: 1 death, 21 injuries. Motorcycles and mopeds: 0 deaths, 42 injuries (1 serious). Bikes: 0 deaths, 15 injuries (1 serious). Data source: NYC Open Data
What can police do to protect vulnerable road users here?
Precinct 46 can enforce speed limits, crack down on reckless driving, and respond to dangerous conditions. They can issue speeding and failure-to-yield tickets, and target known crash hotspots. Police have the tools. They just need to use them.
Are these crashes just accidents, or are they preventable?
These crashes are not random. They happen again and again in the same places, to the same kinds of people. Better enforcement, safer street design, and lower speeds can prevent them.
What can local politicians do?
Local politicians can push for lower speed limits, demand better enforcement, fund safer street redesigns, and hold agencies accountable for action. They can speak up for the people who walk and bike. Their silence is a choice.
What is CrashCount?
We’re a tool for helping hold local politicians and other actors accountable for their failure to protect you when you’re walking or cycling in NYC. We update our site constantly to provide you with up to date information on what’s happening in your neighborhood.

Citations

Citations

Other Representatives

Landon Dais
Assembly Member Landon Dais
District 77
District Office:
910 Grand Concourse Suite 1JK, Bronx, NY 10451
Legislative Office:
Room 834, Legislative Office Building, Albany, NY 12248
Pierina Ana Sanchez
Council Member Pierina Ana Sanchez
District 14
District Office:
2065 Morris Avenue, Bronx, NY 10453
347-590-2874
Legislative Office:
250 Broadway, Suite 1816, New York, NY 10007
212-788-7074
Twitter: PiSanchezNYC
Robert Jackson
State Senator Robert Jackson
District 31
District Office:
5030 Broadway Suite 701, New York, NY 10034
Legislative Office:
Room 306, Legislative Office Building, Albany, NY 12247
Other Geographies

Precinct 46 Police Precinct 46 sits in Bronx, District 14, AD 77, SD 31.

It contains Bronx CB5, University Heights (South)-Morris Heights, Mount Hope, Fordham Heights.

See also
Boroughs
City Council Districts
Community Boards
State_assembly_districts
State Senate Districts

Traffic Safety Timeline for Police Precinct 46

Bus Strikes 13-Year-Old Pedestrian in Bronx

A southbound bus hit a 13-year-old boy crossing at an intersection on Featherbed Lane in the Bronx. The boy suffered bruises and injuries to his entire body. The bus sustained front-end damage. The pedestrian was conscious after the impact.

According to the police report, a 2010 CHEV-TRUCK/BUS traveling south on Featherbed Lane struck a 13-year-old male pedestrian crossing the intersection without a signal. The bus's center front end was the point of impact, causing injuries to the pedestrian's entire body, including contusions and bruises. The pedestrian was conscious after the collision. The report does not specify any contributing factors related to the bus driver or the pedestrian, listing them as 'unspecified.' The bus was going straight ahead at the time of the crash. No driver errors such as failure to yield or speeding were explicitly cited in the data. The pedestrian's crossing action was noted but not identified as a contributing factor.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4765567 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
SUV Lane Change Kills Pedestrian on Cross Bronx

A westbound SUV veered on the Cross Bronx. Its bumper struck a woman walking. She fell, head split, blood pooling on the asphalt. Sirens broke the night. She did not rise. The road claimed another life beneath indifferent wheels.

A 34-year-old woman was killed on the Cross Bronx Expressway just after midnight when a westbound SUV changed lanes and struck her, according to the police report. The report states, 'A westbound SUV shifted lanes. Its right front bumper struck a 34-year-old woman on foot.' The pedestrian suffered severe head injuries and lacerations, and was found unconscious at the scene. The police narrative describes her as bleeding from the head and unresponsive. The SUV was in the process of changing lanes when the collision occurred, with the point of impact listed as the right front bumper. No contributing factors were specified beyond the vehicle's lane change. The report does not cite any pedestrian behavior as contributing to the crash. The focus remains on the SUV's movement and the fatal consequences for the woman on foot.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4767107 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Alcohol-Impaired Driver Crashes Parked Sedans

A 38-year-old man crashed into parked sedans on East Burnside Avenue. Alcohol was a factor. He was incoherent and injured. No pedestrians or cyclists were involved. The street stayed quiet, but the damage was done.

According to the police report, a 38-year-old male driver struck two parked sedans on East Burnside Avenue in the Bronx just after midnight. The driver was found incoherent and suffered unspecified injuries. The report cites alcohol involvement as the primary contributing factor. The impact hit the right front quarter panel of one sedan and the left front of the others. No pedestrians or cyclists were involved, and no victim actions contributed. The report highlights driver impairment due to alcohol as the critical cause of the crash.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4762900 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Sedan Hits Pedestrian Crossing East Tremont

A 45-year-old man was struck by a sedan while crossing an intersection on East Tremont Avenue in the Bronx. The driver’s inattention caused a head injury, leaving the pedestrian bruised and injured. The vehicle showed no damage despite the impact.

According to the police report, a 45-year-old male pedestrian was injured at an intersection on East Tremont Avenue in the Bronx around 8:16 AM. The pedestrian was crossing without a signal or crosswalk when a 2016 Honda sedan traveling east struck him. The report identifies the driver’s inattention and distraction as the primary contributing factors. The pedestrian suffered a head injury described as a contusion or bruise, with an injury severity rated at level 3. The vehicle’s point of impact was the center front end, yet it sustained no damage. The driver was licensed and operating the vehicle legally. No pedestrian behaviors were cited as contributing factors. This crash underscores the dangers posed by driver distraction in urban intersections.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4762767 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
SUV Turns Improperly, Hits E-Scooter Rider

An SUV driver turned improperly and struck a northbound e-scooter rider on Webster Avenue in the Bronx. The 18-year-old rider suffered back contusions but was conscious and not ejected. The SUV showed damage to its left front quarter panel.

According to the police report, the crash occurred on Webster Avenue in the Bronx at 3:45 PM. The SUV driver, a licensed female, was parked before the crash and then turned improperly, striking the e-scooter rider traveling northbound straight ahead. The report cites 'Turning Improperly' and 'Following Too Closely' as contributing factors on the driver's part. The e-scooter rider, an 18-year-old male, sustained back contusions and remained conscious, with no ejection from the vehicle. The SUV sustained damage to its left front quarter panel where the impact occurred. There is no indication of any contributing factors from the rider’s behavior. The crash highlights driver error in maneuvering and failure to maintain safe vehicle control.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4761044 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Motorbike Rider Ejected After Rear-End Crash

A motorbike slammed into a sedan’s rear on Cross Bronx Expressway. The rider, helmetless, flew headfirst and gashed her neck. She lay conscious, bleeding on the asphalt as traffic moved on. The crash left her broken, the city unchanged.

According to the police report, a motorbike collided with the rear of a sedan on the Cross Bronx Expressway near Monroe Avenue at 13:42. The report states the rider, a 32-year-old woman, was ejected and suffered severe neck lacerations, remaining conscious but bleeding on the roadway. The police cite 'Following Too Closely' and 'Passing Too Closely' as contributing factors to the crash. Both vehicles were traveling south and going straight ahead when the motorbike struck the sedan’s right rear quarter panel. The rider was not wearing a helmet, as noted in the report, but the primary focus remains on the cited driver errors. The incident underscores the dangers of close following and unsafe passing on city expressways.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4761236 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
2
Sedan Fails to Yield, Injures Pedestrian Crossing

A sedan making a right turn in the Bronx struck a pedestrian crossing with the signal. The pedestrian suffered knee and lower leg injuries, both parties shocked. Police cite driver’s failure to yield right-of-way as cause, no visible pedestrian complaint.

According to the police report, a 27-year-old male driver in a 2018 Dodge sedan was making a right turn on East 184 Street in the Bronx around 9 PM when the collision occurred. The driver, who was wearing a lap belt and harness, failed to yield the right-of-way, striking a 36-year-old female pedestrian crossing the intersection with the signal. The pedestrian sustained injuries to her knee, lower leg, and foot and was in shock. The driver was also injured and in shock. The report explicitly lists 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' as the contributing factor for both the driver and pedestrian. The vehicle showed no damage despite the impact occurring at the left front bumper. The pedestrian had no visible complaints. This crash highlights the critical danger posed by driver failure to yield at intersections.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4759116 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Moped Driver Ejected in Bronx Sedan Collision

A moped driver was ejected and suffered head injuries after colliding with a sedan on Grand Concourse. The crash, marked by driver inattention, left the rider with abrasions and a serious head injury, highlighting the dangers of distracted driving.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 9:35 AM on Grand Concourse in the Bronx. A 27-year-old male moped driver, traveling east, collided with a southbound sedan. The moped driver was ejected from the vehicle and sustained a head injury classified as severe (injury severity 3), along with abrasions. The report cites 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as the contributing factor to the collision. The sedan, with no occupants, struck the moped on its left front quarter panel, causing center front end damage to the sedan. The moped driver was not wearing any safety equipment and held only a permit license. The report focuses on the sedan driver's inattention as the cause, without attributing fault to the moped rider.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4758667 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
SUV Backing Strikes Toddler Pedestrian Bronx

A 2-year-old boy suffered facial bruises after an SUV backing westward struck him while he crossed outside a crosswalk. The vehicle hit the child with its right rear bumper. The child remained conscious despite the injury.

According to the police report, a 2-year-old male pedestrian was injured in the Bronx at East 188 Street when a 2006 Toyota SUV was backing westward. The vehicle struck the child with its right rear bumper while the child was crossing outside a crosswalk. The child sustained a contusion and bruising to the face but remained conscious. The report lists no specific contributing factors for the driver but notes the vehicle was backing at the time of impact. There was no vehicle damage reported. The child’s crossing outside a crosswalk is noted as an unspecified contributing factor but the primary driver action was backing without apparent awareness of the pedestrian. The driver was licensed and operating the vehicle with no reported license issues.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4756650 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Unlicensed E-Bike Driver Ejected in Bronx SUV Crash

A 24-year-old unlicensed e-bike driver was ejected and injured in a collision with a Jeep SUV on East Tremont Avenue. The crash involved driver inattention and traffic control disregard, resulting in abrasions and lower leg injuries to the cyclist.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 12:10 a.m. on East Tremont Avenue in the Bronx. The e-bike driver, a 24-year-old male, was making a right turn when his vehicle struck the right front bumper of a Jeep SUV traveling eastbound. The e-bike driver was ejected from his vehicle and sustained abrasions and injuries to his knee, lower leg, and foot. The report cites driver errors including 'Traffic Control Disregarded' and 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as contributing factors. The e-bike driver was unlicensed, and no other victim behaviors were noted as contributing factors. The Jeep SUV was occupied by three individuals and was traveling straight ahead at the time of impact. The collision caused damage to the center front end of the e-bike and the right front bumper of the SUV.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4755461 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Distracted Bus Hits E-Bike, Rider Ejected

A bus driver, distracted, struck an e-bike on Walton Avenue. The 41-year-old rider was thrown from his bike. He suffered fractures and dislocations to his leg and foot. The bus showed no damage. The cyclist bore the impact.

According to the police report, a bus changing lanes on Walton Avenue in the Bronx struck a 41-year-old man riding an e-bike eastbound. The crash happened around 4 p.m. The report lists 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as the cause. The cyclist was ejected and suffered serious injuries to his knee, lower leg, and foot, including fractures and dislocations. The bus had no passengers and showed no damage. No contributing factors were attributed to the cyclist. The police report highlights the bus driver's distraction as the sole cause of the crash.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4756646 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
2
Two Drivers Injured in Bronx SUV-Sedan Collision

A sedan traveling west and an SUV making a left turn collided on Webster Avenue in the Bronx. Both male drivers suffered chest and back injuries with whiplash. Police cite driver inattention and distraction as contributing factors to the crash.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 12:35 PM on Webster Avenue in the Bronx. A 27-year-old male driving a 2019 sedan traveling west collided with a 39-year-old male driving a 2022 SUV making a left turn southwest. Both drivers were conscious and wearing lap belts and harnesses. Injuries included chest and back trauma with whiplash, classified as injury severity 3. The point of impact was the center front end of the sedan and the right front bumper of the SUV. The report explicitly lists 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as a contributing factor for both drivers. No other contributing factors or victim behaviors were noted. Both drivers were licensed and operating their vehicles legally. The collision highlights the systemic danger posed by driver distraction in urban traffic environments.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4754401 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
SUV Turning Left Strikes Southbound E-Bike

A 17-year-old male bicyclist was partially ejected and injured after an SUV made a left turn into his path on West 174 Street. The collision caused knee and lower leg injuries, with the rider semiconscious and complaining of pain and nausea.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 9:17 AM on West 174 Street involving an e-bike traveling southbound and a Jeep SUV making a left turn northbound. The point of impact was the left front quarter panel of the e-bike and the left front bumper of the SUV. The bicyclist, a 17-year-old male, was partially ejected and sustained injuries to his knee, lower leg, and foot. He was semiconscious and complained of pain and nausea. The report cites 'Unsafe Speed' as a contributing factor, indicating driver error related to speed management. The SUV driver’s left turn maneuver directly caused the collision. No contributing factors related to the bicyclist’s behavior or equipment were listed. This crash highlights the dangers posed by turning vehicles failing to yield or adjust speed properly around vulnerable road users.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4754239 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Distracted Sedan Strikes Bronx Pedestrian

A 24-year-old woman suffered a bruised elbow after a sedan traveling north on Jerome Avenue struck her outside an intersection. The driver’s inattention caused the collision, leaving the pedestrian injured but conscious on the scene.

According to the police report, a sedan traveling northbound on Jerome Avenue in the Bronx struck a 24-year-old female pedestrian who was not at an intersection but in the roadway. The pedestrian sustained a contusion and bruising to her elbow and lower arm, classified as a moderate injury. The report explicitly cites 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as the primary contributing factor to the crash. The pedestrian was conscious at the time of the report and did not have any listed contributing behaviors. The vehicle was going straight ahead when the collision occurred. This incident highlights the dangers posed by distracted driving in urban areas, particularly to vulnerable pedestrians outside crosswalks.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4754168 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Sedan Strikes 91-Year-Old Bicyclist in Bronx

A 91-year-old bicyclist was ejected and injured after a sedan struck him on West 181 Street in the Bronx. The driver failed to yield right-of-way and made an unsafe lane change. The cyclist wore a helmet but suffered contusions and incoherence.

According to the police report, a collision occurred on West 181 Street in the Bronx involving a sedan and a bicyclist. The 91-year-old male bicyclist was ejected from his bike and sustained injuries described as contusions and bruises, with an incoherent emotional status. The sedan, traveling south, struck the bicyclist on the right front quarter panel, while the bicyclist was traveling east and impacted at the center front end of his bike. The report cites the sedan driver's failure to yield right-of-way and unsafe lane changing as contributing factors. The bicyclist was wearing a helmet, but this was not listed as a contributing factor. Vehicle damage was noted on the sedan's right front quarter panel, while the bike showed no damage. The report focuses on driver errors leading to the crash without attributing fault to the bicyclist.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4754638 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Ambulance Hits Pedestrian on East Tremont

A 20-year-old man was struck by an eastbound ambulance outside an intersection on East Tremont Avenue. He suffered abdominal and pelvic abrasions. The ambulance showed no damage after the impact.

According to the police report, an ambulance traveling east on East Tremont Avenue in the Bronx struck a 20-year-old male pedestrian who was outside an intersection. The pedestrian sustained abrasions to his abdomen and pelvis and remained conscious. The ambulance had no visible damage, with the point of impact at the center front end. The report lists no driver errors or contributing factors for the ambulance. The pedestrian was noted as performing 'other actions in roadway.' No helmet or signal issues were cited. The crash underscores the risk pedestrians face from large emergency vehicles, even outside intersections.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4752762 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Pedestrian Hit Crossing Grand Concourse

A 38-year-old man was struck crossing Grand Concourse near Morris Avenue. He suffered a head injury and concussion. No driver errors or contributing factors were reported. Vehicle type remains unspecified.

According to the police report, a 38-year-old male pedestrian was hit while crossing Grand Concourse near Morris Avenue, not at a crosswalk or intersection. He was found unconscious with a head injury and diagnosed with a concussion. The vehicle involved is unspecified. The report lists no driver errors or contributing factors such as failure to yield or speeding. The data does not mention helmet use or signals as factors. The incident underscores the severe risk pedestrians face from vehicle impact, even when no driver error is cited.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4754235 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Distracted Taxi Driver Injures Toddler Passenger

A distracted taxi driver struck a sedan on the Major Deegan. A two-year-old boy in the back seat suffered an eye contusion. The crash left the child hurt, the driver at fault, and the road marked by carelessness.

According to the police report, a crash occurred on the Major Deegan Expressway at 16:19 involving a taxi and three sedans, all traveling southbound. The taxi driver, distracted by factors inside and outside the car, made a right turn and struck a sedan. The point of impact was the taxi's center front end and the sedan's left side doors. A two-year-old male passenger, seated in the left rear with a lap belt and harness, suffered an eye contusion but remained conscious. The report lists 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' and 'Outside Car Distraction' as contributing factors for the taxi driver. No contributing factors are attributed to the injured child. Driver distraction stands as the primary cause.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4754160 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
E-Bike Rider Ejected in Bronx SUV Collision

An e-bike rider was ejected and suffered head injuries after colliding with a parked SUV on Jerome Avenue in the Bronx. The rider was conscious but bruised. Police report lists unspecified contributing factors, highlighting driver errors in the crash.

According to the police report, the crash occurred on Jerome Avenue in the Bronx involving an e-bike traveling south and a parked 2006 Honda SUV. The e-bike rider, a 28-year-old male, was ejected from his vehicle and sustained head injuries classified as contusions and bruises. The rider was conscious at the scene. The SUV was stationary before impact, indicating the collision resulted from the e-bike rider's failure to avoid the parked vehicle. The report lists unspecified contributing factors for the rider but does not assign fault to the victim. The SUV driver was licensed and the vehicle sustained damage to its center back end, while the e-bike was damaged at its center front end. No safety equipment was reported for the e-bike rider. This crash underscores risks posed by collisions with parked vehicles and the severe injuries e-bike riders can suffer.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4752399 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
SUV Left Turn Strikes E-Scooter Rider

An SUV making a left turn collided with a southbound e-scooter on University Avenue in the Bronx. The e-scooter driver was ejected and suffered facial contusions. Police cited driver inattention as a contributing factor in the crash.

According to the police report, the crash occurred on University Avenue near West 181 Street in the Bronx at 12:30. The collision involved an SUV making a left turn and an e-scooter traveling southwest going straight ahead. The point of impact was the right front quarter panel of the SUV and the center front end of the e-scooter. The e-scooter driver, a 24-year-old male, was ejected from his vehicle and sustained facial contusions, classified as injury severity level 3. The police report identifies 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as a contributing factor. No other contributing factors or victim behaviors were noted. The SUV driver’s failure to yield while turning left created a hazardous condition that led to the e-scooter rider’s injury.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4752385 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04