Crash Count for Precinct 34
Crashes: Collisions involving cars, bikes, and pedestrians. 2,337
All Injuries: Any injury from a reported crash. 1,206
Moderate: Broken bones, concussions, and other serious injuries. 318
Serious: Life-altering injuries: amputations, paralysis, severe trauma. 24
Deaths: Lives lost to traffic violence. 8
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Jul 26, 2025

Who’s Injuring and Killing Pedestrians in Precinct 34?

Blood on West 181st: Silence Is Killing Us

Blood on West 181st: Silence Is Killing Us

Precinct 34: Jan 1, 2022 - Aug 4, 2025

The Toll on Our Streets

No one is safe on the streets of Precinct 34. In the last twelve months, there have been 672 crashes. 342 people were hurt. Ten were seriously injured. Not one person should have to bleed in the crosswalk or on a bike. But the numbers keep climbing.

Just this week, a cyclist was struck at West 181st and Cabrini. The driver made a U-turn, hit the woman, and ran. The officers checked the victim, then left. The car was abandoned. The driver vanished. A neighbor said, “No one stops at these stop signs. We see people go through these red lights all the time.” Another resident pleaded, “I really want there to be speed humps because it’s just terrifying.”

This is not a fluke. Last year, a 37-year-old cyclist was killed on West 181st. A 15-year-old died on a moped at Saint Nicholas Avenue. A woman lost her life as a passenger when a driver blew through a traffic control. The dead do not get second chances.

Who Pays the Price

SUVs and cars do the most harm. In the last three years, they killed two people and injured over 200 more. Motorcycles and mopeds left dozens hurt. Trucks and buses added to the toll. The victims are young and old: children, seniors, workers, mothers.

The police have the tools. They can enforce speed limits. They can ticket reckless drivers. They can target the corners where blood stains the curb. But too often, the response is a shrug.

Leadership: Action or Excuses?

Local leaders have the power to act. The city can lower speed limits. The precinct can crack down on repeat offenders. But change comes slow. The silence is louder than the sirens.

Residents are not waiting. They demand speed humps. They demand enforcement. They demand to live.

Call to Action

If you live here, speak up. Call your council member. Call the precinct. Demand speed enforcement. Demand safer crossings. Demand action before the next siren is for someone you love.

Frequently Asked Questions

Where does Precinct 34 sit politically?
It belongs to borough Manhattan, city council district District 10, assembly district AD 71 and state senate district SD 31.
Which areas are in Precinct 34?
It includes the Washington Heights (North), Inwood, Highbridge Park, Inwood Hill Park, and Manhattan CB12 neighborhoods. It also overlaps parts of Council District District 10, Assembly Districts AD 71 and AD 72, and State Senate District SD 31.
What types of vehicles caused injuries and deaths to pedestrians in Precinct 34?
Cars and Trucks: SUVs and sedans killed 2 people and injured over 200. Trucks and buses caused additional injuries. Motorcycles and Mopeds: 4 deaths and dozens of injuries. Bikes: Fewer incidents, but still caused injuries.
What can police do to protect vulnerable road users here?
Precinct 34 can enforce speed limits, issue tickets for reckless driving and failure to yield, and target known crash hotspots. They can respond to dangerous conditions and act when residents report problems. As one resident said, “No one stops at these stop signs. We see people go through these red lights all the time.”
Are these crashes preventable or just 'accidents'?
Most crashes are preventable. Speeding, failure to yield, and reckless driving are choices. Safer street design and enforcement can save lives.
What can local politicians do?
They can lower speed limits, fund safer street designs, and push for stronger enforcement against reckless drivers. They can listen to residents and act before more lives are lost.
What is CrashCount?
We’re a tool for helping hold local politicians and other actors accountable for their failure to protect you when you’re walking or cycling in NYC. We update our site constantly to provide you with up to date information on what’s happening in your neighborhood.

Citations

Citations

Other Representatives

Al Taylor
Assembly Member Al Taylor
District 71
District Office:
2541-55 Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Blvd., New York, NY 10039
Legislative Office:
Room 602, Legislative Office Building, Albany, NY 12248
Carmen De La Rosa
Council Member Carmen De La Rosa
District 10
District Office:
618 W. 177th Street, Ground Floor, New York, NY 10033
917-521-2616
Legislative Office:
250 Broadway, Suite 1880, New York, NY 10007
212-788-7053
Twitter: cndelarosa
Robert Jackson
State Senator Robert Jackson
District 31
District Office:
5030 Broadway Suite 701, New York, NY 10034
Legislative Office:
Room 306, Legislative Office Building, Albany, NY 12247
Other Geographies

Precinct 34 Police Precinct 34 sits in Manhattan, District 10, AD 71, SD 31.

It contains Manhattan CB12, Washington Heights (North), Inwood, Highbridge Park, Inwood Hill Park.

See also
Boroughs
City Council Districts
Community Boards
State_assembly_districts
State Senate Districts

Traffic Safety Timeline for Police Precinct 34

Distracted Driver Strikes Pedestrian Crossing With Signal

A sedan traveling southeast on Isham Street hit a 32-year-old woman crossing with the signal. The pedestrian suffered severe leg injuries, including fractures and dislocations. The driver’s inattention caused the collision at a Manhattan intersection.

According to the police report, a sedan traveling southeast on Isham Street in Manhattan struck a 32-year-old female pedestrian who was crossing with the signal at the intersection near Sherman Avenue. The pedestrian sustained serious injuries to her knee, lower leg, and foot, including fractures and dislocations. The report identifies 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as the primary contributing factor to the crash. The vehicle showed no damage, indicating the impact was likely to the pedestrian rather than the car. No other contributing factors related to the pedestrian’s behavior were noted. This collision highlights the dangers posed by distracted driving in urban intersections, where pedestrians legally crossing remain vulnerable to inattentive motorists.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4789059 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
SUV U-Turn Collides With Sedan on Broadway

A northbound SUV making a U-turn struck a northbound sedan on Broadway in Manhattan. The sedan driver suffered neck injuries and lost consciousness. Police cite driver inattention and distraction as key factors in the crash’s violent impact.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 5:03 AM on Broadway near Dyckman Street in Manhattan. A northbound SUV was making a U-turn when it collided with a northbound sedan. The point of impact was the left front quarter panel of the SUV and the right front bumper of the sedan. The sedan’s 41-year-old male driver was injured, suffering neck trauma and unconsciousness, and was restrained by a lap belt and harness. The report identifies 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as the primary contributing factor. No other contributing factors were specified. The SUV driver was licensed and traveling straight ahead before the U-turn. The violent collision and resulting injuries highlight the dangers posed by driver errors such as inattention during complex maneuvers like U-turns.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4785234 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Distracted Driver Hits Pedestrian Emerging from Parked SUV

A 30-year-old man suffered head injuries after a sedan struck him while he emerged from behind a parked SUV on Sherman Avenue. The driver’s inattention and unsafe speed caused the collision, leaving the pedestrian with abrasions and a serious head injury.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 3:48 AM on Sherman Avenue in Manhattan. A 30-year-old male pedestrian was injured when a northbound sedan collided with him as he emerged from in front of or behind a parked SUV. The pedestrian sustained a head injury and abrasions, classified as injury severity level 3, and remained conscious. The report cites driver errors including 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' and 'Unsafe Speed' as contributing factors. The sedan’s right front quarter panel struck the pedestrian near the parked SUV’s left rear quarter panel. The pedestrian’s location and action were 'Pedestrian Not at Intersection' and 'Emerging from in Front of/Behind Parked Vehicle.' No pedestrian behaviors were listed as contributing factors. The crash highlights the dangers posed by distracted driving and improper lane usage in areas with parked vehicles.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4786694 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Distracted Driver Slams Sedan Into Parked Truck

A sedan tore down W 204th Street, the driver distracted. Metal shrieked as it struck a parked truck. The driver’s head hit hard. Blood pooled. He was conscious, but crushed and silent. Distraction behind the wheel left only pain and wreckage.

According to the police report, a 69-year-old man drove his sedan southbound on W 204th Street near 9th Avenue and crashed straight into a parked truck. The report states the driver was not wearing a seatbelt and suffered head injuries and crush injuries, though he remained conscious at the scene. The police report explicitly cites 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as the contributing factor. The parked truck was unoccupied at the time. The impact crumpled metal and left the sedan’s front end destroyed. No other injuries were reported. The report makes clear that distraction behind the wheel was the direct cause of this violent collision.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4782808 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Box Truck’s Bad Turn Injures Taxi Passenger

Box truck turned wrong on W 207 St. Hit taxi. Rear passenger hurt—abdomen, pelvis, shock, pain. Police cite improper turn, driver distraction. System failed to shield the vulnerable.

According to the police report, a box truck making a right turn on W 207 St near Vermilyea Ave in Manhattan struck a taxi traveling straight at 10:00. The taxi’s left rear passenger, a 26-year-old woman, suffered abdominal and pelvic injuries, shock, and pain. The report lists 'Turning Improperly' and 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as contributing factors from the box truck driver. The passenger was not ejected. No contributing actions are attributed to the injured passenger. The crash underscores driver error as the cause, with no victim fault reported.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4782786 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Taxi Jumps Curb, Hits Midtown Pedestrians

A taxi veered off Sixth Avenue, mounted the curb, and struck a crowd near Herald Square. Three pedestrians, including a child, landed in the hospital. The driver stayed at the scene. Metal, flesh, and concrete met in Midtown’s holiday rush.

Gothamist (2024-12-26) reports a Midtown crash where a taxi driver, experiencing a medical episode, drove onto the sidewalk at Sixth Avenue and West 34th Street, injuring a 9-year-old boy and two women. Police said, 'they did not suspect any criminality in the crash.' The driver, 58, remained at the scene and was taken for evaluation. Four others declined medical attention. The article notes, 'the driver was driving northbound on Sixth Avenue around 3 p.m. on Wednesday when he jumped the curb and plowed into a crowd.' The incident highlights the persistent risk posed by vehicles in crowded pedestrian zones, regardless of intent or driver health. No policy changes were announced.


NYPD Officer Veers Into Dirt Biker’s Path

A police car crossed the line. Metal struck flesh. Samuel Williams, riding his dirt bike, was thrown and killed. Body cam footage shows the officer’s move. Another NYPD car tried the same. The city sent Williams’ family a bill.

NY Daily News (2024-12-23) reports that NYPD body camera footage shows an officer veering into the path of Samuel Williams, a 36-year-old dirt bike rider, during a pursuit on the University Heights Bridge. Williams was struck, thrown, and died from his injuries. The article states, “An officer pursuing dirt bikers suddenly crossed the double yellow line into Williams' path, causing a collision.” Another NYPD vehicle attempted a similar maneuver. The family’s attorney called it a “deadly maneuver” for a minor violation. The city later billed Williams’ family for police vehicle damages. The NYPD has not commented, citing litigation. The case raises questions about police pursuit tactics and accountability.


4
Multi-Sedan Crash on Broadway Injures Four

Four occupants suffered neck and back injuries in a multi-vehicle collision on Broadway. The crash involved three sedans, with driver inattention cited as a key factor. All injured remained conscious but sustained whiplash and back pain.

According to the police report, the crash occurred on Broadway in Manhattan at 17:55 involving three sedans traveling north. The report identifies 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as a contributing factor to the collision. Four occupants were injured: a 53-year-old male driver, two 22-year-old female passengers, and a 53-year-old female front passenger. All sustained neck injuries described as whiplash, with one passenger also complaining of back pain. None were ejected from their vehicles, and all remained conscious. The vehicles involved were a 2019 BMW sedan, a 2005 Subaru sedan, and a 2012 Kia sedan. The impact points were primarily at the center back end and center front end of the vehicles. The report does not attribute any contributing factors to the victims, focusing instead on driver distraction as the cause.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4781071 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Distracted Driver Slams Cyclist on Broadway

A man on a bike, helmeted, struck hard by a distracted driver on Broadway. He lay unconscious, blood on his face, as the car’s front quarter crumpled. The cold street carried the violence forward. The city did not yield.

A 38-year-old man riding a bike southbound on Broadway at West 220th Street was struck by a vehicle, according to the police report. The cyclist, who wore a helmet, was left unconscious with severe facial lacerations. The report states the crash occurred when a driver, traveling straight ahead, collided with the cyclist, crumpling the car’s right front quarter panel. Police explicitly cite 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as the primary contributing factor. The narrative describes the aftermath: the cyclist lying in the cold, bloodied and unmoving, while the street remained unchanged. No contributing factors are attributed to the cyclist’s behavior. The crash highlights the ongoing systemic danger faced by vulnerable road users when drivers fail to pay attention.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4792369 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
SUV Left Turn Hits Pedestrian Crossing Signal

A 53-year-old woman crossing with the signal suffered a severe leg fracture when an SUV making a left turn struck her on the left side. The driver failed to yield right-of-way, highlighting critical driver error and inexperience in Manhattan.

According to the police report, a 53-year-old female pedestrian was injured at the intersection of Academy Street and Broadway in Manhattan at 17:36. The pedestrian was crossing with the signal when a 2021 Subaru SUV, traveling south and making a left turn, struck her on the left side doors. The pedestrian sustained a severe injury described as a fracture, distortion, and dislocation to her knee, lower leg, and foot. The report identifies 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' and 'Driver Inexperience' as contributing factors on the driver's part. The vehicle showed no damage, indicating the impact was likely at low speed but forceful enough to cause serious injury. The pedestrian's crossing with the signal is noted but not cited as a contributing factor. This crash underscores the dangers posed by driver errors, particularly failure to yield during turns.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4778247 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Bike Strikes Pedestrian Crossing With Signal

A 76-year-old woman crossing with the signal was injured when a southbound bike failed to yield right-of-way. She suffered lower arm injuries and shock. The crash exposed critical driver errors and intersection dangers in Manhattan.

According to the police report, a 76-year-old female pedestrian was injured at the intersection of St Nicholas Ave and W 181 St in Manhattan around 2 PM. The pedestrian was crossing with the signal when a southbound bike struck her at the center front end. The report cites 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' by the bike rider as a primary contributing factor. The pedestrian sustained injuries to her elbow, lower arm, and hand, and was in shock with complaints of pain or nausea. The report also notes 'Pedestrian/Bicyclist/Other Pedestrian Error/Confusion' as a secondary factor, but the primary fault lies with the bike operator's failure to yield. This collision highlights the dangers posed by driver errors at intersections, especially involving vulnerable pedestrians following crossing signals.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4779630 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Box Truck Strikes Pedestrian Working on Roadway

A 58-year-old man suffered neck injuries after a box truck traveling north on Post Ave struck him while he was working in the roadway outside an intersection. The pedestrian was left in shock with no visible complaints, according to the police report.

According to the police report, a box truck registered in New Jersey was traveling north on Post Ave near W 207 St in Manhattan at 11:20 AM when it struck a 58-year-old male pedestrian. The pedestrian was working in the roadway outside of an intersection at the time of the collision. The point of impact was the right side doors of the truck, which reportedly sustained no damage. The pedestrian suffered neck injuries and was classified with injury severity level 3, experiencing shock but no visible complaints. The report lists the pedestrian's contributing factors as unspecified. No driver errors such as failure to yield or speeding were explicitly cited in the report. The incident underscores the dangers posed to vulnerable road users working in active traffic lanes.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4774815 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Bus Strikes Pedestrian Crossing With Signal

A 21-year-old woman suffered upper arm injuries and shock after a bus driver distracted by inattention struck her at an intersection. The pedestrian was crossing with the signal when the bus made a left turn, hitting her on the left side doors.

According to the police report, a 21-year-old female pedestrian was injured at the intersection of W 207 St and Sherman Ave in Manhattan around 9:00 AM. The pedestrian was crossing with the signal when a bus traveling west made a left turn and struck her on the left side doors. The report cites 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as a contributing factor to the crash. The pedestrian sustained upper arm and shoulder injuries and was in shock, complaining of pain or nausea. The bus driver was licensed and operating a 2010 Micro bus. No vehicle damage was reported. The report explicitly identifies driver error—distraction and inattention—as the cause, with no contributing factors attributed to the pedestrian.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4774999 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Unlicensed Moped Driver Injured in Sedan Collision

A moped driver suffered upper arm injuries after a collision with a sedan on Broadway. The crash involved improper lane usage by the moped driver. The driver, conscious and helmeted, was not ejected but sustained bruising and contusions.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 20:35 on Broadway near Nagle Avenue. A 23-year-old male moped driver, who was wearing a helmet, collided with a 2016 Audi sedan traveling south. The moped driver was injured with a shoulder and upper arm contusion but remained conscious and was not ejected. The report identifies 'Passing or Lane Usage Improper' as the primary contributing factor, attributed to the moped driver. The sedan had damage to its center front end, while the moped sustained damage to its left front bumper. The moped driver was unlicensed, which is noted in the report but not listed as a contributing factor. No pedestrian or cyclist victims were involved.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4773798 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Taxi Fails to Yield, Injures Pedestrian

A 78-year-old woman crossing with the signal was struck by a taxi making a right turn on W 183 St. The impact caused upper leg and hip injuries, leaving her in shock. The taxi showed no damage despite the collision.

According to the police report, a taxi traveling south on W 183 St made a right turn and struck a 78-year-old female pedestrian crossing at the intersection with the signal. The pedestrian sustained injuries to her hip and upper leg and was reported to be in shock. The report explicitly cites 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' as the contributing factor on the part of the taxi driver. The vehicle's point of impact was the left front bumper, yet the taxi sustained no damage. The driver was licensed and operating the vehicle legally. The pedestrian’s crossing with the signal was noted but did not contribute to the crash. This incident underscores the danger posed by driver failure to yield, directly causing injury to a vulnerable road user.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4774118 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
SUV Driver Injured in Improper Turn Collision

A 47-year-old female SUV driver suffered a head injury and lost consciousness after colliding with another SUV while making an improper turn. The crash occurred on 10 Avenue in Manhattan, highlighting driver inattention and turning errors as key factors.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 10:20 on 10 Avenue near West 201 Street in Manhattan. A 47-year-old female driver of a 2020 Honda SUV was making a U-turn when she collided with a northbound 2022 Mercedes SUV. The point of impact was the right front bumper of the Honda and the left front bumper of the Mercedes. The injured driver was unconscious with a head injury and was not ejected from the vehicle. The report cites 'Turning Improperly' and 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as contributing factors to the crash. Both drivers were licensed and operating their vehicles legally. No pedestrian or cyclist was involved. The collision underscores the dangers of improper turning maneuvers and driver distraction in Manhattan traffic.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4771778 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
SUV Rear-Ends Bus Injuring Toddler Passenger

A westbound SUV struck the left rear bumper of a bus on W 181 St in Manhattan. A 2-year-old passenger in the SUV suffered a head abrasion. The crash stemmed from the SUV driver's reaction to an uninvolved vehicle, causing impact and injury.

According to the police report, at 7:51 a.m. on W 181 St near Amsterdam Ave in Manhattan, a 2015 SUV traveling westbound collided with the left rear bumper of a 2017 bus also traveling westbound. The report cites the SUV driver's contributing factor as "Reaction to Uninvolved Vehicle," indicating driver error in responding to conditions unrelated to the bus. The collision caused injury to a 2-year-old female occupant in the SUV, who sustained a head abrasion and was restrained in a child safety seat. The toddler was conscious and not ejected from the vehicle. The bus driver was licensed and operating the vehicle straight ahead. The impact damaged the SUV's front center and the bus's left rear bumper. No other contributing factors or victim behaviors were noted in the report.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4771857 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
E-Bike Disregards Traffic Signal, Injures Pedestrian

An e-bike traveling south on W 181 St ignored traffic controls and struck a 58-year-old man crossing with the signal. The pedestrian suffered abrasions and injuries to his knee, lower leg, and foot. Aggressive driving contributed to the crash.

According to the police report, an e-bike traveling south on W 181 St in Manhattan disregarded traffic control devices and collided with a 58-year-old male pedestrian crossing with the signal. The pedestrian was injured, sustaining abrasions and trauma to his knee, lower leg, and foot, with an injury severity rated as moderate (3). The report cites 'Traffic Control Disregarded' and 'Aggressive Driving/Road Rage' as contributing factors, highlighting driver errors that led to the collision. The pedestrian was conscious at the scene and was located at the intersection when struck. No mention of pedestrian fault or helmet use is made in the report. The crash underscores the dangers posed by drivers ignoring traffic signals and engaging in aggressive behavior.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4771762 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
Sedan Fails to Yield, Injures Elderly Pedestrian

A sedan making a left turn struck an 89-year-old pedestrian crossing with the signal on Pinehurst Avenue. The pedestrian suffered lower arm injuries and shock. The driver’s failure to yield right-of-way caused the collision and injury.

According to the police report, at 12:37 PM on Pinehurst Avenue near West 183rd Street in Manhattan, a sedan driven by a licensed female driver was making a left turn when it collided with an 89-year-old male pedestrian crossing with the signal at the intersection. The pedestrian sustained injuries to his elbow, lower arm, and hand, and was in shock with complaints of pain or nausea. The report explicitly cites the driver’s failure to yield right-of-way as a contributing factor to the crash. The vehicle struck the pedestrian with its center front end but sustained no damage. No other contributing factors from the pedestrian were noted. This incident highlights the critical danger posed by drivers failing to yield to pedestrians legally crossing intersections.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4769739 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04
2
Sedan Struck While Stopped on 10 Ave

A sedan stopped in traffic on 10 Ave took a hit. Driver and rear passenger injured. Both in shock. No pedestrians involved. Police list unspecified factors. Impact to left front quarter panel.

According to the police report, a 2023 Honda sedan was stopped in traffic on 10 Ave in Manhattan when it was struck by another vehicle. The sedan's left front quarter panel took the impact. The 50-year-old male driver and a 35-year-old male rear passenger both suffered injuries—neck and lower leg, respectively—and were reported in shock. The report lists unspecified contributing factors for the driver. No pedestrians or cyclists were involved. No specific driver errors such as failure to yield or speeding are cited in the report. The second vehicle's details remain unspecified.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4769580 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-04