Crash Count for Precinct 122
Crashes: Collisions involving cars, bikes, and pedestrians. 4,806
All Injuries: Any injury from a reported crash. 2,637
Moderate: Broken bones, concussions, and other serious injuries. 555
Serious: Life-altering injuries: amputations, paralysis, severe trauma. 21
Deaths: Lives lost to traffic violence. 15
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Nov 5, 2025
Carnage in Precinct 122
Detailed breakdowns aren’t yet available for this year slice; totals below reflect the selected window.
Killed 14
+2
Crush Injuries 2
Back 1
Whole body 1
Amputation 3
Lower leg/foot 1
Neck 1
Shoulder/upper arm 1
Severe Bleeding 7
Head 3
Abdomen/pelvis 1
Lower arm/hand 1
Lower leg/foot 1
Shoulder/upper arm 1
Severe Lacerations 8
Lower leg/foot 5
Head 2
Face 1
Concussion 15
Head 10
+5
Back 2
Whole body 2
Abdomen/pelvis 1
Chest 1
Face 1
Hip/upper leg 1
Lower arm/hand 1
Shoulder/upper arm 1
Whiplash 97
Neck 39
+34
Head 23
+18
Back 17
+12
Whole body 9
+4
Chest 6
+1
Abdomen/pelvis 2
Lower arm/hand 2
Shoulder/upper arm 2
Face 1
Contusion/Bruise 127
Lower leg/foot 32
+27
Head 19
+14
Lower arm/hand 17
+12
Chest 11
+6
Back 10
+5
Neck 10
+5
Face 9
+4
Shoulder/upper arm 8
+3
Whole body 8
+3
Hip/upper leg 6
+1
Abdomen/pelvis 2
Eye 1
Abrasion 69
Lower leg/foot 18
+13
Lower arm/hand 17
+12
Head 13
+8
Neck 8
+3
Face 4
Whole body 3
Back 2
Abdomen/pelvis 1
Chest 1
Eye 1
Hip/upper leg 1
Shoulder/upper arm 1
Pain/Nausea 29
Neck 7
+2
Whole body 7
+2
Chest 5
Back 3
Lower leg/foot 3
Shoulder/upper arm 3
Abdomen/pelvis 2
Head 2
Hip/upper leg 1
Lower arm/hand 1
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Nov 5, 2025

Who’s Injuring and Killing Pedestrians in Precinct 122?

Preventable Speeding in Precinct 122 School Zones

(since 2022)
Left turns, late nights, and the long toll in Precinct 122

Left turns, late nights, and the long toll in Precinct 122

Precinct 122: Jan 1, 2022 - Oct 9, 2025

Just before 8 PM on Sep 16, 2025, at Richmond Rd and Narrows Rd S, the driver of a 2011 Honda SUV made a left and hit a 23‑year‑old man who was crossing with the signal. Police recorded the driver’s view as “limited.” Source.

This Week

  • Sep 23: A Ford sedan and a Chevy pickup collided at Miles Ave and Daleham St; a 30‑year‑old driver was hurt. Source
  • Sep 21: Two SUVs crashed at Father Capodanno Blvd and Jefferson Ave; a 1‑year‑old passenger and a 43‑year‑old driver were injured. Source
  • Sep 2: A Mazda sedan driver making a left hit a 67‑year‑old man in the crosswalk at Richmond Rd and Ralph Pl; police recorded failure to yield by the driver. Source

The count is steady, and it is cruel

Since Jan 1, 2022, in Precinct 122, 15 people have been killed and 2,550 injured in traffic crashes. Pedestrians account for 6 of the dead and 387 of the injured. NYC Open Data.

This year’s injuries are running higher than last year’s pace: through the current period, injuries are 589 versus 451 a year ago, a 30.6% jump; recorded deaths rose from 1 to 2. NYC Open Data.

Crashes pile up on familiar corridors. Hylan Boulevard and Richmond Road top the list, with Hylan showing multiple deaths and hundreds injured, and Richmond logging more than 160 injuries. NYC Open Data.

Fatal wrecks cluster in the dark. Police data show three deaths at 11 PM, with other spikes around the evening commute. NYC Open Data.

The same turns. The same mistakes.

Police records in recent crashes here cite left turns and failures to yield. On Sep 2, a left‑turning driver hit a man in a marked crosswalk; officers logged “failure to yield.” On Sep 16, another left turn at Richmond and Narrows ended with a man on the pavement. Crash records.

Hylan Boulevard adds confusion. A recent report tallied crashes tied to murky bus‑lane rules and inconsistent signs. “That’s one accident every four days,” said Borough President Vito Fossella, urging clarity on when drivers can enter the curb lane. amNY.

Where Precinct 122 can act — and where City Hall must

This is a map with red corners: Hylan Boulevard. Richmond Road. Father Capodanno Boulevard. Daylighting crosswalks, giving pedestrians a head start, and hardening turns at these spots would cut the left‑hook hits that keep showing up in the logs. Targeted enforcement at these corners during the evening hours would meet the pattern where it lives. NYC Open Data.

The citywide tools exist. Albany passed Sammy’s Law, giving New York City the power to set safer speeds, and advocates are pressing for a 20 MPH default where people live and walk. The worst repeat speeders can be stopped with intelligent speed limiters. Both steps are laid out here.

The road back to Richmond and Narrows

One intersection. One left turn. One body on the ground. It keeps happening. Slow the cars. Fix the corners. If you want it to stop, tell City Hall and your legislators to act now.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is CrashCount?
We’re a tool for helping hold local politicians and other actors accountable for their failure to protect you when you’re walking or cycling in NYC. We update our site constantly to provide you with up to date information on what’s happening in your neighborhood.
What area does this report cover?
This story covers NYPD Precinct 122 on Staten Island, including parts of Grasmere–Arrochar–South Beach–Dongan Hills, New Dorp–Midland Beach, Todt Hill–Emerson Hill–Lighthouse Hill–Manor Heights, Oakwood–Richmondtown, Great Kills–Eltingville, Fort Wadsworth, Miller Field, Great Kills Park, and adjacent areas reported in city crash data.
How were these numbers calculated?
We used NYC Open Data’s Motor Vehicle Collisions datasets (Crashes h9gi-nx95, Persons f55k-p6yu, Vehicles bm4k-52h4), filtered for Police Precinct 122 and dates from 2022-01-01 to 2025-10-09. We summarized totals (deaths, injuries, crashes) and referenced mode split, top locations, and hourly counts from the same filters. You can reproduce a filtered query here and join to Persons here. Data last accessed Oct 9, 2025.
What corridors are the most dangerous here?
Hylan Boulevard and Richmond Road stand out in the city’s crash logs for Precinct 122, with multiple deaths and hundreds of injuries recorded on Hylan and more than 160 injuries on Richmond Road. Source: NYC Open Data crashes dataset for 2022–present.
What can local officials do right now?
Focus enforcement and design fixes on Hylan Boulevard, Richmond Road, and Father Capodanno Boulevard during the high-injury evening hours; add daylighting, leading pedestrian intervals, and hardened left turns at recurring crash corners; and back citywide measures to slow drivers and rein in repeat speeders as outlined on our action page.

Citations

Citations

Other Representatives

Assembly Member Mike Reilly

District 62

Council Member Frank Morano

District 51

Twitter: @frankmorano

State Senator Jessica Scarcella-Spanton

District 23

Other Geographies

Precinct 122 Police Precinct 122 sits in Staten Island, District 51, AD 62, SD 23.

It contains Staten Island CB95, Staten Island CB2, Grasmere-Arrochar-South Beach-Dongan Hills, New Dorp-Midland Beach, Todt Hill-Emerson Hill-Lighthouse Hill-Manor Heights, Oakwood-Richmondtown, Great Kills-Eltingville, Fort Wadsworth, Hoffman & Swinburne Islands, Miller Field, Great Kills Park.

See also
City Council Districts
State_assembly_districts
State Senate Districts

Traffic Safety Timeline for Police Precinct 122

24
Motorcycle Slams Sedan on Hylan Boulevard

May 24 - A motorcycle struck a sedan at Hylan Boulevard and Chesterton Avenue. The crash left a young man ejected and hurt. Police cite failure to yield and unsafe speed. Metal twisted. One hip shattered. The street stayed open. Danger remains.

A motorcycle and a sedan collided at the intersection of Hylan Boulevard and Chesterton Avenue in Staten Island. According to the police report, the crash involved 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' and 'Unsafe Speed.' The 23-year-old male motorcycle driver was ejected and suffered hip and internal injuries. Two occupants of the sedan, both 27, were also involved, with injuries listed as unspecified. The police report notes that both drivers disregarded traffic control and drove at unsafe speeds. The crash underscores the lethal mix of speed and failure to yield at this intersection. No mention of helmet use or signals as contributing factors appears in the report.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4816675 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
21
Convertible Strikes Obstacle on Amboy Road

May 21 - Convertible hit center front. Driver hurt in leg. Abrasion. No clear cause. Night on Amboy Road. Streets stay dangerous.

A convertible crashed on Amboy Road near Acacia Avenue in Staten Island. The driver, a 24-year-old man, suffered a knee and foot injury with abrasions. According to the police report, the crash involved a center front impact. The report lists the contributing factors as 'Unspecified.' No other injuries were documented. The data does not cite any driver errors or mention helmet or signal use. The cause remains unclear in the official record.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4814668 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
20
Motorcycle Driver Injured on Staten Island Expressway

May 20 - Motorcycle and SUV collided on Staten Island Expressway. Young rider suffered leg injury. Three others involved, including infant, escaped serious harm. Impact left bruises and damage. Road turned violent in a flash.

A motorcycle and an SUV crashed on the Staten Island Expressway. The 24-year-old motorcycle driver was injured, suffering a contusion and leg trauma. Three others, including a 53-year-old man and an infant, were listed as occupants but did not sustain serious injuries. According to the police report, both vehicles were traveling east and collided, with the motorcycle hitting the SUV's right rear and the SUV sustaining damage to its left front. The report lists all contributing factors as 'Unspecified.' The injured motorcyclist was wearing a helmet, as noted in the data.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4814199 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
15
Sedan Strikes Cyclist on Foch Avenue

May 15 - A sedan hit a 63-year-old cyclist on Foch Avenue. The rider suffered a head injury. Police cited confusion as a factor. The crash left the cyclist bruised but conscious.

A sedan and a bicycle collided on Foch Avenue in Staten Island. The 63-year-old male cyclist was injured, sustaining a head contusion but remained conscious. According to the police report, 'Pedestrian/Bicyclist/Other Pedestrian Error/Confusion' contributed to the crash. The cyclist was wearing a helmet. No driver errors were listed in the report. The impact left the cyclist hurt and the bike damaged.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4813379 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
12
Improper Lane Change Injures Driver on Todt Hill

May 12 - Two SUVs collided on Todt Hill Road. One driver suffered back injuries. Police cite improper lane use and bad turning. The crash left metal bent and a driver hurt.

Two SUVs crashed on Todt Hill Road near Andes Place in Staten Island. According to the police report, a 32-year-old woman driving one SUV was injured, suffering back pain and whiplash. The other driver, a 28-year-old man, was unlicensed but not seriously hurt. Police list 'Passing or Lane Usage Improper' and 'Turning Improperly' as contributing factors. Both vehicles took damage to their front ends. No pedestrians or cyclists were involved. The report highlights driver errors as the cause of the collision.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4812430 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
12
Driver Flees Stop, Crashes, Fires Gun

May 12 - A driver sped from police, crashed into a cruiser, fired shots. Shattered glass cut three officers. Two guns found in the car. The SUV had a long record of violations. Streets turned to chaos in Port Richmond.

According to the NY Daily News (published May 12, 2025), a 31-year-old man in a 2009 Nissan Murano refused to stop for police on Port Richmond Avenue, Staten Island. The article reports, "The suspect sped off but struck a police cruiser nearby and then fired multiple times at the vehicle." Three officers suffered minor injuries from shattered glass. Police found two guns in the car. The SUV had 27 recorded infractions, including five for speeding, though it is unclear who was driving at the time of those violations. The incident highlights ongoing risks from drivers with repeated violations and raises questions about enforcement and vehicle oversight.


2
Distracted Driving Injures Passenger on Richmond Rd

May 2 - Two sedans collided on Richmond Rd. A 31-year-old driver suffered head injuries. Children in the back seat escaped serious harm. Police cite driver inattention and distraction.

A crash involving two sedans on Richmond Rd and Jefferson Ave in Staten Island left a 31-year-old driver injured, with head trauma and shock. Several children, aged 4, 6, 6, and 11, were passengers but did not sustain serious injuries. According to the police report, the collision was caused by 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' and 'Other Vehicular' factors. The report lists no errors by the injured or child passengers. The data does not mention helmet or signal use as contributing factors.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4810780 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
30
Pickup Truck Strikes Elderly Pedestrian Crossing Hylan Blvd

Apr 30 - A pickup truck hit a 75-year-old man crossing Hylan Blvd with the signal. The driver failed to yield. The man suffered a head injury. The street stayed loud. The danger stayed real.

A 75-year-old pedestrian was struck by a pickup truck while crossing Hylan Blvd at Jefferson Ave. According to the police report, the driver failed to yield the right-of-way. The pedestrian, who was crossing with the signal, suffered a head contusion. The driver was making a left turn when the crash occurred. The report lists 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' as the contributing factor. No injuries were reported for the driver or passenger. The crash highlights the ongoing risk to pedestrians at intersections.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4809804 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
28
Sedans Collide on Midland Ave, Two Hurt

Apr 28 - Two sedans crashed at Midland Ave and Hylan Blvd. Both drivers injured. Police cite failure to yield. Metal bent. Bodies bruised. Streets unforgiving.

Two sedans collided at the intersection of Midland Ave and Hylan Blvd in Staten Island. According to the police report, both drivers, a 33-year-old man and a 26-year-old woman, were injured. The man suffered arm injuries and bruises. The woman reported pain across her body. Police list 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' as the main contributing factor. Both vehicles sustained damage. No pedestrians or cyclists were involved. The crash underscores the danger when drivers fail to yield, as documented in the official report.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4809020 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
26
Sedan Turns Left, Strikes Pedestrian at Hylan Blvd

Apr 26 - A sedan hit a 67-year-old woman crossing with the signal. She suffered shoulder and whiplash injuries. Driver failed to yield. Obstructed view played a role. The street became a danger zone.

A 67-year-old woman was struck by a sedan while crossing Hylan Blvd at Tysens Ln with the signal. She suffered injuries to her shoulder and whiplash. According to the police report, the driver was making a left turn when the crash occurred. The report lists 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' and 'View Obstructed/Limited' as contributing factors. The driver’s errors placed the pedestrian in harm’s way. The impact left the woman injured at the intersection.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4809186 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
22
SUV Turns Left, Sedan Struck on Mosel Ave

Apr 22 - SUV turned left, struck sedan’s side. One driver suffered neck injury. Police cite traffic control ignored, driver distraction. Streets stay dangerous. Metal and flesh collide. No room for error.

A collision on Mosel Ave at Sable Ave in Staten Island involved a sedan and an SUV. One driver, a 19-year-old woman, suffered a neck injury. According to the police report, both 'Traffic Control Disregarded' and 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' contributed to the crash. The SUV was making a left turn and hit the sedan’s right side. No pedestrians or cyclists were involved. The report lists no other contributing factors.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4807573 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
19
Motorbike Ejection After Sedan Fails to Yield

Apr 19 - A sedan turned left on Hylan Blvd. The motorbike hit hard. The rider flew from the bike. He suffered neck pain and shock. Failure to yield cut him down. The street stayed quiet after.

A crash on Hylan Blvd and Beach Ave involved a sedan and a motorbike. The motorbike rider, a 25-year-old man, was ejected and suffered neck pain and shock. According to the police report, the sedan was making a left turn when the collision occurred. The report lists 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' as a contributing factor. The motorbike rider wore a helmet, as noted in the report. No injuries were reported for the sedan driver. The impact struck the center front of the motorbike and the right rear of the sedan.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4807395 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
15
Bus Slams Van on Hylan Boulevard, Passenger Hurt

Apr 15 - A bus struck a van on Hylan Boulevard. A 60-year-old passenger suffered a head injury. Police cite driver inattention for both vehicles. Metal, glass, and distraction left a man bruised.

A bus and a van collided on Hylan Boulevard in Staten Island. According to the police report, both drivers were inattentive or distracted. The crash left a 60-year-old male passenger with a head contusion. The bus hit the van's rear end while both vehicles traveled south. Police list 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as the contributing factor for both drivers. No other causes are noted in the report. The injured passenger was not ejected and wore no safety equipment. No pedestrians or cyclists were involved.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4807387 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
13
Two Sedans Crush Pedestrian on Hylan Blvd

Apr 13 - Two sedans struck a man crossing Hylan Blvd. His body broke under their front ends. He lay unconscious, crushed. Drivers walked away. He did not.

A 35-year-old man was struck by two sedans while crossing Hylan Blvd near Dawson Place, Staten Island. According to the police report, 'Two sedans struck a man crossing against the light. His body broke beneath the front ends. He lay unconscious, crushed from head to foot. Drivers wore belts. They walked away. He did not.' The pedestrian suffered crush injuries to his entire body and was left unconscious. Both vehicles hit him with their center front ends. No driver errors were specified in the report. The data lists the pedestrian as crossing against the signal, but no contributing factors were assigned to the drivers.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4805898 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
11
SUV Turns Left, Strikes Pedestrian at Hylan

Apr 11 - A Mercedes SUV turned left on Hylan. The driver failed to see a young woman crossing with the signal. Metal hit flesh. She fell. Her leg broke. The car showed no damage. The street did.

A Mercedes SUV struck a 20-year-old woman crossing Hylan Boulevard with the signal at Guyon Avenue. According to the police report, the driver turned left and did not see her. The pedestrian suffered hip and upper leg injuries. Police list 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' and 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' as contributing factors. The driver was licensed and wore a seatbelt. The car showed no damage. The victim was conscious but injured. No helmet or signal use is mentioned.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4805313 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
10
Worker Killed By Reversing Truck At Warehouse

Apr 10 - A box truck reversed into Leony Salcedo-Chevalier by the loading dock. He died at the hospital. The driver stayed. No charges filed. The crash left a family without a father. Police are investigating. The warehouse kept running.

NY Daily News reported on April 10, 2025, that Leony Salcedo-Chevalier, 34, was struck and killed by a reversing box truck at the JFK8-Amazon Fulfillment Center in Staten Island. The incident happened late Wednesday night as Salcedo-Chevalier stood by the loading dock. Both he and the driver worked for a freight contractor, not Amazon. The driver, 40, remained at the scene. No criminal charges were filed at the time of reporting. An Amazon spokesperson called it a 'horrible tragedy' and said the company was cooperating with police. The article quotes a coworker: 'He was 34 years old. He had two daughters. He was killed on the job.' The crash highlights the dangers faced by workers in busy warehouse loading zones, where large vehicles maneuver in tight spaces.


9
SUV Strikes Elderly Pedestrian on Steuben Street

Apr 9 - Honda SUV moves east. Driver’s view blocked. Old man crosses with signal. Metal hits flesh. Blood on the head. Woman and child inside, both hurt, both conscious.

A Honda SUV struck a 76-year-old man crossing Steuben Street with the signal. According to the police report, the driver’s view was obstructed. The pedestrian suffered severe head lacerations. The driver, a 34-year-old woman, and a 10-year-old boy in the rear seat were also injured. Police list 'View Obstructed/Limited' and 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' as contributing factors. The crash left three people hurt, one seriously. No blame is placed on those struck.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4804886 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
9
Van and Sedan Collide Turning on Hylan

Apr 9 - Two vehicles turn right. Metal screams. Seventeen inside. Old men, women, a child. Blood, pain, cries. Broken bodies on Staten Island asphalt.

A van and a sedan collided while both turned right on Hylan Boulevard near Adams Avenue. Seventeen people were inside—eleven in the van, three in the sedan. According to the police report, 'A van and a sedan, both turning right, collide. Metal tears. Eleven in the van, three in the sedan. Old men, women, a child. Cries rise. Blood on hands, pain in backs, necks, knees.' Multiple passengers and drivers suffered injuries, including pain to the back, neck, knee, and arm. The police report lists 'Passing or Lane Usage Improper' and 'Unsafe Lane Changing' as contributing factors.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4804785 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
24
SUV Left Turn Crash Injures Sedan Driver

Mar 24 - A 35-year-old woman driving a sedan suffered neck injuries in a collision on Hylan Blvd. An SUV making a left turn failed to yield right-of-way, striking the sedan head-on. The sedan driver was conscious and restrained, treated for whiplash.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 7:35 on Hylan Blvd involving a 2024 SUV making a left turn westbound and a 2012 sedan traveling southbound. The SUV driver failed to yield right-of-way and was inattentive, causing a center front-end collision with the sedan. The sedan driver, a 35-year-old woman, was wearing a lap belt and harness and was not ejected. She sustained neck injuries described as whiplash and was conscious at the scene. The report cites 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' and 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as contributing factors, emphasizing driver error as the cause. No victim behaviors were noted as contributing factors in the report.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4801073 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09
24
Sedan Strikes Pedestrian at Staten Island Intersection

Mar 24 - A 57-year-old man crossing Mason Avenue was struck by a northbound sedan. The driver’s view was obstructed, causing impact with the pedestrian’s upper arm. The victim suffered a severe shoulder fracture and dislocation, remaining conscious at the scene.

According to the police report, a sedan traveling north on Mason Avenue struck a 57-year-old male pedestrian at an intersection near Cromwell Avenue. The pedestrian was crossing without a signal or crosswalk when the collision occurred. The report cites 'View Obstructed/Limited' as a contributing factor, indicating the driver failed to see the pedestrian in time. The point of impact was the sedan’s left front bumper, damaging the vehicle’s front left side. The pedestrian sustained a severe injury described as a fractured and dislocated upper arm and shoulder but remained conscious. The driver was licensed and traveling straight ahead. No pedestrian fault or contributory behavior was noted in the report. The crash highlights the dangers posed by limited driver visibility at intersections.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4801564 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-09