Crash Count for Hell'S Kitchen
Crashes: Collisions involving cars, bikes, and pedestrians. 1,729
All Injuries: Any injury from a reported crash. 790
Moderate: Broken bones, concussions, and other serious injuries. 248
Serious: Life-altering injuries: amputations, paralysis, severe trauma. 22
Deaths: Lives lost to traffic violence. 6
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Jul 29, 2025

Who’s Injuring and Killing Pedestrians in Hell'S Kitchen?

Hell’s Kitchen Bleeds—Lower the Limit, Save a Life

Hell’s Kitchen Bleeds—Lower the Limit, Save a Life

Hell’S Kitchen: Jan 1, 2022 - Jul 28, 2025

The Toll in Hell’s Kitchen

The streets do not forgive. In the last twelve months, one person died and 269 were injured in crashes across Hell’s Kitchen. Four were left with serious injuries. The numbers do not tell you about the blood on the asphalt or the families waiting for a call that never comes. They only count the bodies.

Just last week, a sedan struck a cyclist on West 45th Street. Two days before, another cyclist was hit by a car on West 51st. These are not rare events. There have been 1,717 crashes since 2022. Six people killed. Twenty-one left with injuries that will not heal.

Who Pays the Price

The dead are not just numbers. They are neighbors. A 39-year-old pedestrian crushed by a box truck on 9th Avenue. A 29-year-old woman killed by a car at West 58th. A 62-year-old man struck by a truck on 8th Avenue. Each one gone in a moment. Each one a hole in someone’s life.

The city’s own data shows the pattern. Cars and SUVs caused the most harm—one death, 95 minor injuries, 54 moderate, six serious. Trucks killed two. Bikes, too, left their mark: 22 injured, one seriously. No one is safe, but the most vulnerable—those on foot, on bikes—pay the highest price.

Leadership: Promises and Pressure

Local leaders have moved, but not fast enough. State Senator Brad Hoylman-Sigal voted yes on the Stop Super Speeders Act, a bill to force repeat speeders to install devices that keep them from breaking the limit. Assembly Member Linda Rosenthal backed Sammy’s Law, giving the city power to lower speed limits to 20 mph. But the city drags its feet. The default speed is still 25. The blood keeps coming.

As the FDNY mourned a fallen firefighter killed on the FDR, the city’s leaders offered words. “We lost a true hero this morning,” said Deputy Mayor Kaz Daughtry. “His dedication to serving and protecting New Yorkers…exemplifies the selflessness and courage that define all of New York’s Bravest.”

But words do not stop cars. Every day of delay is another day of risk.

Act: Demand Action Now

Call your council member. Call the mayor. Demand a 20 mph speed limit. Demand real enforcement against repeat speeders.

The dead cannot speak. You can. Do not wait for another name on the list.

Frequently Asked Questions

Where does Hell'S Kitchen sit politically?
It belongs to borough Manhattan, community board Manhattan CB4, city council district District 3, assembly district AD 67 and state senate district SD 47.
What types of vehicles caused injuries and deaths to pedestrians in Hell'S Kitchen?
Cars and SUVs: 1 death, 95 minor injuries, 54 moderate injuries, 6 serious injuries. Trucks: 2 deaths, 11 minor, 10 moderate injuries. Bikes: 22 injured, 1 seriously. Motorcycles and Mopeds: 6 minor, 1 moderate injury.
Are crashes just 'accidents' or are they preventable?
Crashes are not random. The same streets see the same violence, year after year. Lower speeds, better design, and real enforcement can prevent deaths and injuries.
What can local politicians do to stop traffic violence?
They can lower the speed limit to 20 mph, pass and enforce laws against repeat speeders, and redesign streets to protect people walking and biking. They can act now, or answer for every life lost.
How many people have been killed or seriously injured in Hell'S Kitchen recently?
In the last 12 months, 1 person was killed and 4 suffered serious injuries. Since 2022, 6 killed and 21 seriously hurt.
What is CrashCount?
We’re a tool for helping hold local politicians and other actors accountable for their failure to protect you when you’re walking or cycling in NYC. We update our site constantly to provide you with up to date information on what’s happening in your neighborhood.

Citations

Citations

Other Representatives

Linda Rosenthal
Assembly Member Linda Rosenthal
District 67
District Office:
230 W. 72nd St. Suite 2F, New York, NY 10023
Legislative Office:
Room 943, Legislative Office Building, Albany, NY 12248
Erik Bottcher
Council Member Erik Bottcher
District 3
District Office:
224 West 30th St, Suite 1206, New York, NY 10001
212-564-7757
Legislative Office:
250 Broadway, Suite 1785, New York, NY 10007
212-788-6979
Twitter: ebottcher
Brad Hoylman-Sigal
State Senator Brad Hoylman-Sigal
District 47
District Office:
322 8th Ave. Suite 1700, New York, NY 10001
Legislative Office:
Room 310, Legislative Office Building, Albany, NY 12247
Other Geographies

Hell'S Kitchen Hell'S Kitchen sits in Manhattan, Precinct 18, District 3, AD 67, SD 47, Manhattan CB4.

See also
Boroughs
City Council Districts
Community Boards
State_assembly_districts
State Senate Districts

Traffic Safety Timeline for Hell'S Kitchen

SUVs Collide on West 44th Street Intersection

Two SUVs traveling east collided on West 44th Street in Manhattan. The impact struck the left front quarter panel of one vehicle and the right side doors of the other. A front passenger suffered knee and lower leg injuries, bruised but not ejected.

According to the police report, two sport utility vehicles were traveling eastbound on West 44th Street in Manhattan when they collided. The point of impact was the left front quarter panel of a 2022 Porsche SUV and the right side doors of a 2011 Nissan SUV. Both drivers were licensed and driving straight ahead. The collision injured a 34-year-old male front passenger in one of the vehicles, who sustained contusions and injuries to the knee, lower leg, and foot. The passenger was restrained by a lap belt and was not ejected. The report lists unspecified contributing factors but does not cite any driver errors such as failure to yield or speeding. No pedestrian or cyclist was involved.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4726845 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
4
Ford SUV Slams Parked Truck, Four Injured

Pre-dawn on 8th Avenue, a Ford SUV plowed into a parked tractor-trailer. Metal shrieked. Four inside, belted, left bloodied and broken. The truck’s rear split open. Shock and pain filled the silence. Unsafe speed and failure to yield ruled the scene.

According to the police report, a Ford SUV traveling north on 8th Avenue collided with the rear of a parked tractor-trailer, tearing open the truck’s rear and crushing the SUV’s front. The crash occurred in the pre-dawn hours, shattering the quiet with metal and glass. All four occupants of the SUV—aged 23 to 36—suffered serious injuries, including head trauma and crush injuries, and were left in shock. The report lists 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' and 'Unsafe Speed' as contributing factors for the SUV occupants, with the driver specifically cited for failing to yield. The tractor-trailer was parked and unoccupied at the time of impact. The narrative describes the violence of the crash: 'The front folded. Metal screamed. Four inside: arms broken, heads bloodied, bodies crushed.' The data points to driver error and systemic danger as the root causes of this early-morning disaster.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4722823 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
Sedan Strikes Pedestrian on West 55 Street

A sedan hit a 21-year-old man crossing West 55 Street at 10 Avenue. The impact left him with a neck abrasion. He stayed conscious. No damage to the car. No driver errors listed in the report.

According to the police report, a 21-year-old male pedestrian was struck by a sedan while crossing West 55 Street at 10 Avenue in Manhattan at 8:44 PM. The pedestrian suffered a neck abrasion but remained conscious after the crash. The sedan, driven by a licensed woman traveling northeast, hit the man with its left front bumper. The police report lists no driver errors or contributing factors. The vehicle was undamaged. The report notes the pedestrian was crossing against the signal. No other contributing factors were specified.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4730176 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
3
Bus Collides With Parked Taxi, Injuring Passengers

A bus traveling east struck a parked taxi on Dyer Avenue, causing injuries to three passengers aboard the bus. All suffered back injuries and shock, complaining of pain or nausea. The crash was linked to driver distraction and other vehicular factors.

According to the police report, at 14:52 on Dyer Avenue in Manhattan, a 2021 NOVB bus traveling straight ahead collided with a parked 2018 Toyota taxi. The point of impact was the bus's right front bumper against the taxi's left side doors. The report cites driver errors including 'Other Vehicular' factors and 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as contributing causes. Three bus occupants, aged 15, 17, and 57, were injured with back injuries and experienced shock. Each complained of pain or nausea. None were ejected from the vehicle. The taxi driver was licensed in New Jersey, and the bus driver was licensed in New York. The injuries and shock to the passengers underscore the severity of the crash caused by driver distraction and failure to maintain safe control.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4722319 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
SUVs Collide at West 42nd Street Intersection

Two SUVs crashed at West 42nd Street and 8th Avenue in Manhattan. The impact struck the center front end of one vehicle and the right side doors of the other. A 45-year-old male driver suffered full-body injuries and shock.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 3:34 AM on West 42nd Street near 8th Avenue in Manhattan. Two station wagons/SUVs collided while both were traveling straight ahead—one northbound, the other eastbound. The point of impact was the center front end of the northbound vehicle and the right side doors of the eastbound vehicle. The report cites 'Traffic Control Disregarded' as a contributing factor, indicating a driver error in obeying traffic signals or signs. A 45-year-old male driver, wearing a lap belt and harness, was injured with full-body trauma and experienced shock. He was not ejected from the vehicle but complained of pain and nausea. The report does not list any contributing factors related to the victim's behavior.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4720992 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
Bus Strikes Parked SUV on West 55th Street

A bus traveling west collided with a parked SUV on West 55th Street in Manhattan. The SUV driver, a 52-year-old woman, was in shock but not ejected. The crash caused damage to both vehicles’ quarter panels. Passing too closely was cited.

According to the police report, a bus traveling west on West 55th Street in Manhattan struck a parked 2020 Nissan SUV on its left rear quarter panel. The SUV was stationary at the time of impact. The bus sustained damage to its right front quarter panel. The sole occupant of the SUV, a 52-year-old female driver, was not ejected but experienced shock. The report identifies 'Passing Too Closely' as a contributing factor to the collision. No other driver errors or victim behaviors were specified. The incident highlights the dangers posed by vehicles passing too close to parked cars, leading to collisions that can cause injury and vehicle damage.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4720718 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
E-Scooter Strikes Parked SUV on West 49th

An e-scooter driver collided head-on with a parked SUV on West 49th Street in Manhattan. The rider suffered neck contusions and shock. The SUV was stationary at impact. Driver errors remain unspecified in the police report.

According to the police report, at 3:50 PM on West 49th Street near 10 Avenue in Manhattan, a male e-scooter driver traveling north collided with the left side doors of a parked SUV. The e-scooter sustained damage to its center front end, indicating a direct impact. The rider, a 48-year-old man, was injured with neck contusions and was reported to be in shock. He was not ejected from the vehicle and was the sole occupant. The SUV was stationary and occupied by one person. The report lists the contributing factors as unspecified, offering no direct attribution to driver error or victim behavior. The collision highlights the dangers posed by interactions between moving e-scooters and parked vehicles in urban settings.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4722657 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
Hoylman-Sigal Supports Safety-Boosting NYC 20 MPH Speed Limit

Albany lawmakers clear the way for New York City to lower speed limits to 20 mph. The bill, named for Sammy Cohen Eckstein, follows years of parent-led advocacy. The measure excludes major multi-lane roads but targets most city streets. Lives hang in the balance.

On April 18, 2024, state lawmakers advanced legislation enabling New York City to reduce its default speed limit to 20 mph. The measure, known as Sammy’s Law, is part of the state budget deal and awaits final publication. Sponsored by Assemblymember Linda Rosenthal and Senator Brad Hoylman-Sigal, the bill allows the City Council to set lower limits on most streets, but excludes roads with three or more lanes in one direction. The bill’s title honors Sammy Cohen Eckstein, a 12-year-old killed by a speeding driver in 2013. Rosenthal said, “This is about trying to eliminate all unnecessary deaths, and one of the ways you do that is by making the speed limit lower.” Hoylman-Sigal credited persistent advocacy by Sammy’s mother and Families for Safe Streets. The City Council and Mayor must still approve the change. Advocates and city officials say the law gives New York City a vital tool to prevent traffic violence and protect vulnerable road users.


Linda Rosenthal Supports Safety Boosting Sammy’s Law Speed Limit

Albany lawmakers passed Sammy’s Law. New York City can now lower its speed limit to 20 mph. The bill honors Sammy Cohen Eckstein, killed by a van driver at age 12. Lower speeds mean fewer deaths. Lawmakers and families fought for years.

On April 18, 2024, state lawmakers advanced Sammy’s Law, allowing New York City to reduce its default speed limit to 20 mph. The measure, named for Sammy Cohen Eckstein, a child killed by a van driver, was included in the state budget after years of advocacy. Assemblymember Linda Rosenthal sponsored the bill. The law exempts roads with three or more lanes in each direction. The bill’s summary states: 'allowing New York City to lower its speed limit to 20 miles per hour.' Rosenthal and other officials pushed for local control. Amy Cohen, Sammy’s mother, said, 'Lower speed limits save lives.' Studies show pedestrian death risk rises sharply as speed increases. This law gives the city power to protect its most vulnerable.


Rosenthal Backs Safety Boosting 20 MPH Speed Limit Bill

Albany lawmakers clear the way for New York City to lower speed limits to 20 mph. The bill, named for Sammy Cohen Eckstein, follows years of parent-led advocacy. The measure excludes major multi-lane roads but targets most city streets. Lives hang in the balance.

On April 18, 2024, state lawmakers advanced legislation enabling New York City to reduce its default speed limit to 20 mph. The measure, known as Sammy’s Law, is part of the state budget deal and awaits final publication. Sponsored by Assemblymember Linda Rosenthal and Senator Brad Hoylman-Sigal, the bill allows the City Council to set lower limits on most streets, but excludes roads with three or more lanes in one direction. The bill’s title honors Sammy Cohen Eckstein, a 12-year-old killed by a speeding driver in 2013. Rosenthal said, “This is about trying to eliminate all unnecessary deaths, and one of the ways you do that is by making the speed limit lower.” Hoylman-Sigal credited persistent advocacy by Sammy’s mother and Families for Safe Streets. The City Council and Mayor must still approve the change. Advocates and city officials say the law gives New York City a vital tool to prevent traffic violence and protect vulnerable road users.


Int 0766-2024
Bottcher co-sponsors bill to ban obscured plates, boosting street safety.

Council targets hidden plates. Bill makes it a crime to park, stop, or drive with covered tags. Fines reach $1,000. Jail time possible. Committee weighs action. Streets demand accountability.

Int 0766-2024 sits in the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure after introduction on April 11, 2024. The bill reads: “prohibiting the parking, standing, stopping, or operation of a motor vehicle with obscured or defaced license plates.” Council Member Oswald Feliz leads, joined by Holden, Bottcher, Gennaro, Marte, Restler, Ung, and Paladino. The bill sets fines up to $1,000 and possible jail for violators. Each offense is a misdemeanor. The council aims to strip cover for reckless drivers, making it harder to dodge tickets and accountability. No safety analyst note yet, but the intent is clear: end the shield for lawless driving.


Sedan Driver Injured After Unsafe Speed Crash

A 24-year-old male driver was ejected and injured in a high-speed crash in Manhattan. The sedan struck an object or surface with its left front bumper. The driver suffered fractures and dislocations to his lower leg and foot, sustaining serious injuries.

According to the police report, a 24-year-old male sedan driver was injured in a crash on West 49 Street in Manhattan at 2:50 a.m. The report cites 'Unsafe Speed' as a contributing factor to the collision. The driver was ejected from the vehicle and sustained fractures and dislocations to his knee, lower leg, and foot. The vehicle's left front bumper was the point of impact, indicating a collision involving the front left side of the sedan. The driver was traveling westbound, going straight ahead at the time of the crash. The report does not indicate any contributing factors related to victim behavior or other road users. The driver was not using any safety equipment at the time of the crash. This incident highlights the dangers of excessive speed and its role in severe injuries and vehicle damage.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4716177 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
SUV Strikes Bicyclist on West 42nd Street

A 19-year-old bicyclist suffered knee and lower leg injuries when an SUV struck him on West 42nd Street in Manhattan. The collision caused contusions and bruises, with the SUV impacting its left side doors. Driver lane misuse was cited.

According to the police report, a collision occurred at 6:00 PM on West 42nd Street in Manhattan involving a 2018 Toyota SUV and a 19-year-old male bicyclist. The SUV, traveling westbound, struck the bicyclist on its left side doors, causing injuries to the bicyclist's knee, lower leg, and foot, resulting in contusions and bruises. The bicyclist was conscious and not ejected from his bike. The report identifies the driver's error as 'Passing or Lane Usage Improper,' indicating the SUV driver failed to maintain proper lane discipline. The bicyclist was not wearing any safety equipment, but no contributing factors were attributed to his actions. The SUV driver was licensed in New York. This crash highlights the dangers posed by improper lane usage by vehicle drivers in shared traffic spaces.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4714231 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
Taxi Hits Pedestrian Crossing Against Signal

A taxi making a right turn struck a 47-year-old woman crossing West 55 Street against the signal. The pedestrian suffered a neck injury. Police cite driver inattention and pedestrian confusion as contributing factors in this late-night crash.

According to the police report, a 2017 Toyota taxi was traveling south on West 55 Street around 12 minutes after midnight when it made a right turn and struck a 47-year-old female pedestrian. The pedestrian was crossing against the signal at the intersection and sustained a neck injury classified as moderate (injury severity 3). The report identifies driver inattention or distraction as a contributing factor, along with pedestrian error or confusion. The taxi showed no vehicle damage, and the driver was licensed and operating the vehicle legally. The collision point was the center front end of the taxi. The report highlights driver distraction as a critical factor, underscoring systemic dangers posed by inattentive driving in intersections.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4714463 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
Distracted Driver Hits Bicyclist on West 57th

A 21-year-old male bicyclist suffered knee and lower leg abrasions after a collision caused by driver inattention. The crash occurred near West 57th Street in Manhattan late at night. The bicyclist remained conscious and was not ejected from the bike.

According to the police report, the crash happened at 23:48 near 524 West 57th Street in Manhattan. The bicyclist, a 21-year-old male, was injured with abrasions to his knee, lower leg, and foot. The report identifies driver inattention and distraction as the primary contributing factors to the collision. The bicyclist was traveling westbound and was not wearing any safety equipment. The vehicle involved was also traveling straight westbound and impacted the center back end of the bike, causing injuries but no vehicle damage. The bicyclist was conscious and not ejected from the bike. The report highlights the driver's failure to maintain attention as the critical cause of the crash.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4716171 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
S 2714
Hoylman-Sigal votes yes, boosting street safety and access for everyone.

Senate passes S 2714. Bill pushes complete street design. Aim: safer roads for all. Pedestrians, cyclists, and riders get space. Car dominance challenged. Lawmakers move to cut street carnage.

Senate bill S 2714, titled 'Enables safe access to public roads for all users by utilizing complete street design principles,' advanced through committee and passed several Senate votes, most recently on March 27, 2024. Sponsored by Timothy M. Kennedy with support from Jake Ashby, Jamaal Bailey, and others, the bill mandates street designs that protect everyone—not just drivers. The measure saw strong support but faced opposition from some senators. By requiring complete street principles, S 2714 aims to reduce danger for pedestrians, cyclists, and transit users. The bill marks a shift away from car-first planning, forcing cities to build streets for people, not just traffic.


Multiple Vehicle Collision on 12 Avenue

A multi-vehicle crash on 12 Avenue injured a 42-year-old female driver. The collision involved improper turning and unsafe lane changing. The woman sustained neck contusions but was conscious and restrained by a lap belt and harness.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 9:30 AM on 12 Avenue in Manhattan. The incident involved several vehicles, including sedans and SUVs. The 42-year-old female driver was injured with neck contusions and remained conscious. The report identifies 'Turning Improperly' and 'Unsafe Lane Changing' as contributing factors to the crash. The female driver was wearing a lap belt and harness at the time. Multiple vehicles sustained damage to their front bumpers and quarter panels, indicating impact from various angles. The report highlights driver errors as the primary cause, with no mention of victim fault or pedestrian involvement.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4712595 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
Distracted Driver Causes Head Injury in Manhattan

A 58-year-old male driver suffered a concussion after a crash involving a pick-up truck and trailer on 10 Avenue. The collision, caused by driver inattention, left the driver with a serious head injury but conscious and not ejected from the vehicle.

According to the police report, the crash occurred on 10 Avenue in Manhattan at 9:00 AM. The involved vehicles were a 2014 Chevrolet pick-up truck and a 2018 trailer, both registered in New Jersey. The pick-up truck was traveling north, going straight ahead, and impacted the trailer’s center back end. The driver of the pick-up truck, a 58-year-old male occupant, sustained a head injury resulting in a concussion. The report explicitly cites 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as a contributing factor to the crash. The driver was conscious and not ejected from the vehicle. Vehicle damage was noted on the trailer's center back end, while the pick-up truck showed no damage. No victim behaviors were listed as contributing factors, focusing the cause on driver error and distraction.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4711862 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
S 6808
Hoylman-Sigal votes yes to create safety zones, improving street safety for all.

Senate passes S 6808. The bill creates first responder safety zones. It sets speed limits in these zones. Lawmakers act after crashes and close calls. The vote is strong. The danger is real. The streets demand change.

Senate bill S 6808, titled 'Relates to establishing first responder safety zones and setting speed limits in such safety zones,' moved through committee and passed multiple Senate votes between May 2023 and March 2024. Primary sponsor John Mannion led the push, joined by Joseph P. Addabbo Jr., Iwen Chu, and Pamela Helming. The bill aims to carve out protected zones for first responders and lower speed limits in those areas. The measure passed with broad support, reflecting urgency after repeated crashes near emergency scenes. The bill’s text and votes show lawmakers responding to the deadly toll of reckless driving near first responders. Vulnerable road users—pedestrians, passengers, and responders—stand in harm’s way. The bill targets that risk.


Two Taxis Collide on West 41st Street

Two taxis collided on West 41st Street in Manhattan. Both drivers were starting in traffic when one passed too closely, causing a crash. A 52-year-old driver suffered chest contusions but remained conscious. Airbags deployed and lap belts were used.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 14:15 on West 41st Street near 9 Avenue in Manhattan. Two taxis, both Honda SUVs, collided while starting in traffic. The point of impact was the left front bumper on both vehicles. The report identifies 'Passing Too Closely' as the primary contributing factor for both drivers. One driver, a 52-year-old male, sustained chest contusions and was conscious at the scene. Safety equipment such as airbags and lap belts were deployed and used. The collision caused damage to the right front bumper of one vehicle and the left front bumper of the other. No pedestrian or cyclist involvement was reported. The crash highlights driver error in maintaining safe distances between vehicles in traffic.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4710137 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05