Crash Count for East Village
Crashes: Collisions involving cars, bikes, and pedestrians. 1,440
All Injuries: Any injury from a reported crash. 815
Moderate: Broken bones, concussions, and other serious injuries. 281
Serious: Life-altering injuries: amputations, paralysis, severe trauma. 14
Deaths: Lives lost to traffic violence. 8
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Sep 15, 2025
Carnage in East Village
Killed 8
+1
Crush Injuries 4
Hip/upper leg 2
Lower leg/foot 1
Whole body 1
Severe Bleeding 9
Head 7
+2
Eye 1
Face 1
Severe Lacerations 1
Head 1
Concussion 5
Head 3
Face 2
Whiplash 21
Neck 11
+6
Head 5
Back 3
Shoulder/upper arm 2
Whole body 1
Contusion/Bruise 81
Lower leg/foot 32
+27
Lower arm/hand 14
+9
Head 12
+7
Back 6
+1
Shoulder/upper arm 6
+1
Face 5
Hip/upper leg 5
Neck 2
Abdomen/pelvis 1
Chest 1
Abrasion 67
Lower leg/foot 24
+19
Lower arm/hand 18
+13
Head 10
+5
Shoulder/upper arm 5
Face 4
Back 2
Hip/upper leg 2
Neck 1
Pain/Nausea 20
Back 6
+1
Lower arm/hand 5
Neck 4
Head 3
Lower leg/foot 3
Abdomen/pelvis 1
Shoulder/upper arm 1
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Sep 15, 2025

Who’s Injuring and Killing Pedestrians in East Village?

Preventable Speeding in East Village School Zones

(since 2022)
East Village: Nights of impact, years of harm

East Village: Nights of impact, years of harm

East Village: Jan 1, 2022 - Sep 4, 2025

Just after noon on Aug 23, a taxi hit a cyclist on East 5th Street in the East Village (Aug 23, 2025).

Eight people are dead here since Jan 1, 2022. Another 658 are hurt. Those figures come from city crash records for this neighborhood through Sep 4, 2025 (NYC Open Data).

Where the street keeps breaking

Avenue D leads the list of harm, with deaths and injuries tied to that corridor (NYC Open Data). FDR Drive cuts its own line of loss. Avenue C and 1st Avenue follow close behind, each with repeated crashes in the record.

Evenings hit hard. Injuries peak at 8 PM and 9 PM, with 44 at each hour recorded in this dataset. Deaths strike at 7 PM, 10 PM, and 11 PM, alongside dozens more injuries (NYC Open Data).

Named factors show up again and again: inattention and failure to yield sit in the file; speed appears in specific cases, too (NYC Open Data). One record logs an unlicensed driver, unsafe speed, and a man killed in the crosswalk at Cooper Square in the early morning of Nov 27, 2022 (NYC Open Data).

The bodies behind the numbers

Pedestrians take most of the deaths here. Cyclists pile up injuries. Trucks and buses turn into walkers at corners. Taxis and private cars do the same, over and over. This is not one bad night; it is a file that does not close (NYC Open Data).

From 2022 through this week, serious injuries in this area reach nine, spread across modes and years. The toll does not spare the young or the old (NYC Open Data).

Fix the corners, slow the cars

The map points to corners like Avenue D and East 10th, Avenue C and East 10th. These need daylighting now, with no parking blocking sight lines. City lawmakers have a bill to ban parking at crosswalks; our Council Member Carlina Rivera is a co-sponsor (Int 1138-2024, timeline record).

Night harm calls for night action: targeted enforcement where injuries spike after dark; hardened turns on Avenue C and Avenue D; leading pedestrian intervals where walkers move first. The data flags heavy vehicles in the mix; turning controls and truck routing can cut those impacts (NYC Open Data).

Albany’s lever on the worst repeat drivers

There is a bill to stop the most dangerous pattern drivers. Senate bill S 4045 would require speed-limiting tech for anyone who racks up 11 points in 24 months or six speed/red-light camera tickets in a year. Our State Senator Brian Kavanagh voted yes in committee (timeline record; Open States). Our Assembly Member Harvey Epstein co-sponsors the Assembly companion A 2299 (timeline record).

Cameras work best when they stay on. The Legislature renewed NYC’s school-zone speed cameras through 2030; Senator Kavanagh voted yes in June (S 8344, timeline record; AMNY).

Slow it everywhere, save lives here

Lower, enforced speeds save lives. A citywide lower default, paired with speed limiters for repeat violators, would reach the corners where people keep getting hit. That is the path from the taxi on East 5th to fewer names in the file. If you live these streets, ask City Hall and Albany to move. Start here: Take Action.

Frequently Asked Questions

How were these numbers calculated?
We used NYC Open Data’s Motor Vehicle Collisions datasets — Crashes, Persons, and Vehicles — filtered to the East Village (NTA MN0303) and the window Jan 1, 2022–Sep 4, 2025. We counted total deaths, injuries, and serious injuries from the Persons table and matched times and locations from the Crashes table. Data were accessed Sep 4, 2025. See the datasets here, with companion tables for Persons and Vehicles.
What recent crashes stand out in the East Village?
On Aug 23, 2025, a taxi hit a cyclist on East 5th Street (timeline record). The neighborhood’s data also show repeated pedestrian impacts at corridors like Avenue D and Avenue C (NYC Open Data).
Where and when is it most dangerous locally?
Avenue D, FDR Drive, Avenue C, and 1st Avenue appear most often in the top harm locations. Injuries peak at 8 PM and 9 PM, with deaths recorded at 7 PM, 10 PM, and 11 PM (NYC Open Data).
What is being done politically?
State Senator Brian Kavanagh voted yes in committee on S 4045 to mandate speed limiters for repeat violators. Assembly Member Harvey Epstein co-sponsors the Assembly companion A 2299 (timeline records). The Legislature also renewed NYC’s school-zone speed cameras through 2030; Kavanagh voted yes (timeline; AMNY).
What is CrashCount?
We’re a tool for helping hold local politicians and other actors accountable for their failure to protect you when you’re walking or cycling in NYC. We update our site constantly to provide you with up to date information on what’s happening in your neighborhood.

Citations

Citations

Other Representatives

Assembly Member Harvey Epstein

District 74

Council Member Carlina Rivera

District 2

State Senator Brian Kavanagh

District 27

Other Geographies

East Village East Village sits in Manhattan, Precinct 9, District 2, AD 74, SD 27, Manhattan CB3.

See also
Boroughs
City Council Districts
Community Boards
State_assembly_districts
State Senate Districts

Traffic Safety Timeline for East Village

31
S 2714 Kavanagh votes yes, boosting street safety and access for everyone.

May 31 - Senate passes S 2714. Bill pushes complete street design. Aim: safer roads for all. Pedestrians, cyclists, and riders get space. Car dominance challenged. Lawmakers move to cut street carnage.

Senate bill S 2714, titled 'Enables safe access to public roads for all users by utilizing complete street design principles,' advanced through committee and passed several Senate votes, most recently on March 27, 2024. Sponsored by Timothy M. Kennedy with support from Jake Ashby, Jamaal Bailey, and others, the bill mandates street designs that protect everyone—not just drivers. The measure saw strong support but faced opposition from some senators. By requiring complete street principles, S 2714 aims to reduce danger for pedestrians, cyclists, and transit users. The bill marks a shift away from car-first planning, forcing cities to build streets for people, not just traffic.


30
Bike and Moped Collide on 2 Avenue

May 30 - A bike and moped crashed head-on on 2 Avenue in Manhattan. Both male drivers, 23 and 47, suffered head contusions. Neither wore safety equipment. Police cited failure to yield right-of-way by both parties. Both remained conscious after impact.

According to the police report, a collision occurred between a bike and a moped on 2 Avenue near East 3 Street in Manhattan. The 23-year-old bicyclist and the 47-year-old moped driver both sustained head injuries classified as contusions and bruises. Both drivers were conscious and not ejected from their vehicles. The report lists failure to yield right-of-way as the contributing factor for both parties involved. Neither driver was wearing any safety equipment at the time of the crash. The impact was centered on the front ends of both vehicles, which were traveling west and north respectively before the collision.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4634456 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
25
Bicyclist Injured in Manhattan Sedan Collision

May 25 - A bicyclist riding north on Avenue A collided with a parked sedan on East 6 Street. The bike struck the sedan’s left rear quarter panel. The 27-year-old cyclist suffered abrasions to his elbow and lower arm. No helmet was worn. The sedan was stationary.

According to the police report, a 27-year-old male bicyclist traveling north on Avenue A collided with a parked 2015 Toyota sedan on East 6 Street in Manhattan. The bike struck the sedan’s left rear quarter panel. The bicyclist sustained abrasions to his elbow and lower arm but was conscious and not ejected. The sedan was parked at the time of impact. The report lists unspecified contributing factors for the bicyclist but does not identify any driver errors by the sedan’s driver. The bicyclist was not wearing any safety equipment. No damage was reported to the bike. The collision highlights the risks cyclists face even when vehicles are stationary.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4633820 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
24
SUV Strikes Revel Scooter on East 4 Street

May 24 - A Revel scooter collided with an SUV on East 4 Street. The scooter driver, an 18-year-old male, suffered a head abrasion. Police cited driver inattention as the cause. The SUV was damaged on its right rear quarter panel.

According to the police report, a 2020 Toyota SUV traveling east struck a 2021 Revel scooter traveling north on East 4 Street. The point of impact was the SUV's right rear quarter panel and the scooter's center front end. The scooter driver, an 18-year-old male, was injured with a head abrasion but remained conscious and was not ejected. The report lists driver inattention or distraction as the contributing factor. No other contributing factors or victim errors were noted. The scooter driver was the sole occupant of his vehicle, and the SUV had one licensed male driver. The crash caused damage to the SUV's right rear quarter panel.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4631901 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
19
Bicyclist Injured in Manhattan SUV Collision

May 19 - A 45-year-old male bicyclist was injured in a crash with a parked SUV in Manhattan near Cooper Square. The cyclist suffered neck injuries and shock. The SUV showed no damage. Confusion by the bicyclist contributed to the crash.

According to the police report, a 45-year-old male bicyclist collided with a parked Toyota SUV in Manhattan near Cooper Square. The bicyclist was injured, sustaining neck trauma and shock, but was not ejected from his bike. The SUV had no visible damage. The report lists "Pedestrian/Bicyclist/Other Pedestrian Error/Confusion" as a contributing factor. The bicyclist was passing the SUV when the impact occurred at the vehicle's left front bumper. The SUV was stationary before the crash. No driver errors by the SUV operator were noted. The bicyclist's confusion played a role in the collision. No safety equipment details were provided.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4630559 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
18
Distracted Bicyclist Crashes on Bowery

May 18 - A 39-year-old male bicyclist crashed on Bowery in Manhattan. The rider was not ejected but suffered unspecified injuries and shock. The crash involved no vehicle damage. Driver inattention and distraction caused the collision.

According to the police report, a 39-year-old male bicyclist traveling north on Bowery crashed while the bike was initially parked. The rider was the sole occupant and was not ejected. The report lists 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as the contributing factor. The bicyclist suffered unspecified injuries and was in shock. The bike sustained no damage. No other vehicles or pedestrians were involved. The crash highlights the dangers posed by driver distraction even for vulnerable road users on bikes.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4630556 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
17
SUV Strikes Pedestrian Crossing With Signal

May 17 - A 65-year-old woman was hit by an SUV making a left turn on East 3 Street in Manhattan. The pedestrian was crossing with the signal. She suffered bruises and injuries to her elbow and lower arm. The driver failed to yield right-of-way.

According to the police report, a 2019 Honda SUV was making a left turn on East 3 Street when it struck a 65-year-old female pedestrian crossing with the signal at the intersection. The pedestrian sustained contusions and injuries to her elbow, lower arm, and hand. The report lists the driver's failure to yield right-of-way as a contributing factor. The impact occurred at the vehicle's center front end. The pedestrian was not at fault, and no other contributing factors such as helmet use or signaling were noted.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4631894 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
16
S 775 Kavanagh votes yes to expand ignition interlock monitoring, boosting road safety.

May 16 - Senate backs S 775. The bill defines the ignition interlock monitor’s job. It forces offenders to install devices and obey court orders. Lawmakers act to keep repeat drunk drivers off the street.

Senate bill S 775, titled "Relates to the responsibilities of an ignition interlock monitor," passed committee votes on February 1, March 21, and May 16, 2023. The bill describes the monitor’s role and mandates compliance for those ordered to install ignition interlock devices. Primary sponsor Jeremy Cooney (District 56) led, joined by Nathalia Fernandez, Monica Martinez, and Shelley Mayer. The measure saw broad support, with senators voting yes across multiple sessions. The law aims to keep drivers with violations from endangering others by enforcing strict compliance with court-ordered ignition interlocks.


4
SUV Collides With Bus in Manhattan Intersection

May 4 - A 48-year-old woman driving an SUV struck a bus at East 3 Street in Manhattan. The SUV's left front quarter hit the bus's right rear quarter. The driver suffered a back injury but remained conscious and was not ejected.

According to the police report, a 48-year-old female driver of a 2019 SUV collided with a 2011 bus at East 3 Street in Manhattan. The SUV impacted the bus on its left front quarter panel, while the bus sustained damage to its right rear quarter panel. The SUV driver was injured, complaining of internal back pain, but remained conscious and was not ejected. Both drivers were licensed and traveling westbound. The report lists unspecified contributing factors for the SUV driver but does not specify any driver errors or violations. No pedestrian or cyclist was involved in the crash.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4626474 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
3
SUV Rear-Ends Another on Saint Marks Place

May 3 - Two SUVs collided in Manhattan at Saint Marks Place. The lead vehicle was stopped in traffic. The following driver, distracted and tailgating, struck the rear. Both drivers and a passenger suffered injuries to limbs. Airbags deployed in the lead vehicle.

According to the police report, a chain-reaction crash occurred on Saint Marks Place in Manhattan involving multiple SUVs. The lead vehicle was stopped in traffic when the following driver, inattentive and following too closely, rear-ended it. The driver of the striking vehicle suffered abrasions to the knee and lower leg, with an airbag deployment noted. A 50-year-old female passenger in one of the vehicles sustained contusions to her elbow and lower arm. The report lists driver inattention and following too closely as contributing factors. No victims were ejected. The crash caused center front and back-end damage to the involved SUVs.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4626467 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
3
SUV Strikes Bicyclist Changing Lanes Manhattan

May 3 - A 59-year-old male bicyclist was injured on East 14 Street near 1 Avenue. The SUV driver went straight while the cyclist changed lanes. The impact hit the bike’s right front quarter panel and the SUV’s left side doors. The cyclist suffered abrasions.

According to the police report, a 59-year-old male bicyclist was injured when a 2022 Chevrolet SUV traveling north on East 14 Street struck him. The bicyclist was changing lanes when the SUV, going straight ahead, collided with the bike’s right front quarter panel. The SUV’s left side doors were impacted but showed no damage. The bicyclist, wearing a helmet, sustained abrasions to his elbow, lower arm, and hand. The report lists driver errors including "Driver Inattention/Distraction" and "Unsafe Lane Changing." The SUV driver was licensed; the bicyclist was unlicensed. The bicyclist was conscious and not ejected from the bike.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4625594 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
25
Bicyclist Injured in Manhattan Unsafe Lane Crash

Apr 25 - A 52-year-old male bicyclist suffered a head abrasion after colliding with a sedan on East 6 Street near Avenue A. The crash involved unsafe lane changing by the bicyclist. Both vehicles showed no damage. The bicyclist remained conscious.

According to the police report, a collision occurred on East 6 Street in Manhattan involving a bicyclist and a sedan. The bicyclist, a 52-year-old man, was injured with a head abrasion but was not ejected and remained conscious. The report lists 'Unsafe Lane Changing' as the contributing factor, attributed to the bicyclist. The sedan was making a right turn while the bicyclist was making a left turn when the impact occurred at the left front bumper of both vehicles. Neither vehicle sustained damage. The bicyclist was not wearing any safety equipment. The report does not indicate any driver errors by the sedan operator.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4624938 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
21
SUV Hits Bicyclist on East 7th Street

Apr 21 - A 24-year-old male bicyclist was injured in Manhattan. The SUV struck the bike's front end on the left side doors. The rider suffered abrasions to his face. Both vehicles were traveling westbound. The cyclist was conscious and not ejected.

According to the police report, a collision occurred on East 7th Street in Manhattan involving a station wagon/SUV and a bicycle. The SUV, traveling westbound, struck the bicyclist on its left side doors. The 24-year-old male bicyclist, also traveling westbound, sustained abrasions to his face and was conscious at the scene. The report lists no specific driver errors or contributing factors for the crash. The bicyclist was not wearing any safety equipment. The impact point was the bike's center front end and the SUV's left side doors. No ejection occurred. The crash resulted in injury severity level 3 for the bicyclist.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4623012 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
14
Pedestrian Injured Crossing With Signal on 1 Avenue

Apr 14 - A 41-year-old woman was injured crossing 1 Avenue at East 4 Street. She was hit by a northbound cyclist going straight. The pedestrian suffered abrasions and elbow injuries. The bike showed no damage. The crash happened at an intersection with a signal.

According to the police report, a 41-year-old female pedestrian was injured while crossing 1 Avenue at East 4 Street in Manhattan. She was crossing with the signal when a cyclist traveling northbound struck her. The pedestrian sustained abrasions and injuries to her elbow, lower arm, and hand. The cyclist was riding straight ahead and the bike showed no damage. The report lists the pedestrian's contributing factors as unspecified, and no driver errors or violations are noted. The pedestrian was conscious and complained of pain. No helmet or signaling issues were reported for the cyclist. The crash occurred at an intersection, highlighting the dangers pedestrians face even when crossing legally.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4620691 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
11
Res 0549-2023 Glick Supports Safety Boosting Crash Victims Bill of Rights

Apr 11 - Council calls for state action on Sammy’s Law and SAFE Streets Act. Lower speed limits. Rights for crash victims. Safe passing for cyclists. Complete streets. Filed, but the fight for safer roads presses on.

Resolution 0549-2023, filed by the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, urges Albany to pass S.2422 (Sammy’s Law) and A.1901, part of the SAFE Streets Act. Introduced April 11, 2023, and filed December 31, 2023, the resolution states: “allowing New York City to establish a lower speed limit, and enacting a crash victims bill of rights, as well as the other bills of the package known as the SAFE Streets Act.” Council Member Shahana K. Hanif led sponsorship, joined by Gutiérrez, Restler, and others. The package targets reckless driving, seeks lower speed limits, mandates safe passing for cyclists, and demands crash victims’ rights. The bill is filed, but its demands echo: protect the most vulnerable on city streets.


11
Res 0549-2023 Glick Supports Safety Boosting Crash Victims Bill of Rights

Apr 11 - Council calls for state action on Sammy’s Law and SAFE Streets Act. The bills would let New York City lower speed limits and give crash victims new rights. Lawmakers push to curb deadly driving and protect those on foot and bike.

Resolution 0549-2023, filed by the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, urges Albany to pass S.2422 ('Sammy’s Law') and A.1901, part of the SAFE Streets Act. The resolution, introduced April 11, 2023, and filed December 31, 2023, calls for 'allowing New York City to establish a lower speed limit, and enacting a crash victims bill of rights.' Council Member Shahana K. Hanif led sponsorship, joined by Gutiérrez, Restler, and others. The package aims to cut speeds, redesign streets, and support crash victims. It would let the city set safer limits, require safe passing for cyclists, and mandate complete street design. The council’s action spotlights the urgent need to protect people walking, biking, and riding in New York.


11
Res 0549-2023 Glick Supports Safety Boosting Crash Victims Bill of Rights

Apr 11 - Council calls for state action on Sammy’s Law and SAFE Streets Act. The bills would let New York City lower speed limits and give crash victims new rights. Lawmakers push to curb deadly driving and protect those on foot and bike.

Resolution 0549-2023, filed by the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, urges Albany to pass S.2422 ('Sammy’s Law') and A.1901, part of the SAFE Streets Act. The resolution, introduced April 11, 2023, and filed December 31, 2023, calls for 'allowing New York City to establish a lower speed limit, and enacting a crash victims bill of rights.' Council Member Shahana K. Hanif led sponsorship, joined by Gutiérrez, Restler, and others. The package aims to cut speeds, redesign streets, and support crash victims. It would let the city set safer limits, require safe passing for cyclists, and mandate complete street design. The council’s action spotlights the urgent need to protect people walking, biking, and riding in New York.


7
Sedan Turns Right, Hits E-Scooter Southbound

Apr 7 - A sedan turning right struck a southbound e-scooter on 2 Avenue. The e-scooter driver, a 31-year-old man, suffered facial abrasions. Both vehicles damaged on left front bumpers. Driver inattention caused the crash. The rider remained conscious but injured.

According to the police report, a sedan making a right turn collided with an e-scooter traveling south on 2 Avenue. The e-scooter driver, a 31-year-old man, sustained facial abrasions and was conscious after the crash. The report lists driver inattention and distraction as contributing factors for the collision. Both vehicles sustained damage to their left front bumpers at the point of impact. The sedan had two occupants, and the e-scooter had one. The e-scooter driver was not ejected and wore unknown safety equipment. No other contributing factors were noted. The crash highlights the dangers when drivers fail to maintain attention during turns.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4620076 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
28
Two Bicyclists Collide on Avenue A

Mar 28 - Two bicyclists traveling opposite directions collided on Avenue A in Manhattan. A 70-year-old man was ejected and suffered neck abrasions. Both riders showed confusion. The crash caused injury but no vehicle damage was reported.

According to the police report, two bicyclists traveling south and north on Avenue A collided. The 70-year-old male bicyclist was ejected and sustained neck abrasions, leaving him incoherent at the scene. The report lists "Pedestrian/Bicyclist/Other Pedestrian Error/Confusion" as the contributing factor for both riders. Both were going straight ahead at the time of the crash. No vehicle damage was recorded. The report does not indicate any driver errors such as failure to yield or speeding, but highlights confusion by both bicyclists as the cause. The injured bicyclist was not wearing any safety equipment.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4616462 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
21
S 4647 Kavanagh votes yes on highway worker safety bill, overall safety unchanged.

Mar 21 - Senate passes S 4647. Bill hikes penalties for endangering highway workers. It funds more enforcement. It pushes work zone safety awareness. Lawmakers move to protect workers from reckless drivers.

Senate bill S 4647, titled "Increases penalties for endangerment of a highway worker, promotes work zone safety awareness, and establishes a fund for additional work zone safety enforcement," advanced through committee on April 15, 2024. Sponsored by Timothy M. Kennedy, with Joseph P. Addabbo Jr., Pamela Helming, Mario Mattera, Robert Rolison, and James Skoufis as co-sponsors, the bill passed multiple Senate votes. The measure targets drivers who endanger highway workers, boosts safety awareness, and funds enforcement. The bill aims to curb driver recklessness in work zones, where danger is high and impact is deadly.