Crash Count for Crotona Park East
Crashes: Collisions involving cars, bikes, and pedestrians. 937
All Injuries: Any injury from a reported crash. 555
Moderate: Broken bones, concussions, and other serious injuries. 118
Serious: Life-altering injuries: amputations, paralysis, severe trauma. 9
Deaths: Lives lost to traffic violence. 3
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Sep 15, 2025
Carnage in Crotona Park East
Killed 3
Crush Injuries 2
Chest 1
Neck 1
Shoulder/upper arm 1
Severe Bleeding 2
Head 2
Severe Lacerations 4
Face 2
Head 1
Lower leg/foot 1
Concussion 5
Head 2
Back 1
Lower arm/hand 1
Whole body 1
Whiplash 11
Neck 4
Back 3
Head 2
Whole body 2
Contusion/Bruise 36
Lower leg/foot 10
+5
Head 7
+2
Face 6
+1
Shoulder/upper arm 4
Hip/upper leg 3
Neck 3
Lower arm/hand 2
Whole body 2
Abrasion 14
Head 3
Lower leg/foot 3
Abdomen/pelvis 2
Face 2
Lower arm/hand 2
Whole body 2
Pain/Nausea 6
Neck 2
Whole body 2
Lower arm/hand 1
Shoulder/upper arm 1
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Sep 15, 2025

Who’s Injuring and Killing Pedestrians in Crotona Park East?

Preventable Speeding in Crotona Park East School Zones

(since 2022)

Caught Speeding Recently in Crotona Park East

Vehicles – Caught Speeding in NYC (12 months)
  1. 2023 Black Toyota Sedan (LHW5598) – 256 times • 2 in last 90d here
  2. 2024 Gray Subaru Suburban (LHW6587) – 125 times • 1 in last 90d here
  3. 2024 Tesla Pickup (K30ULL) – 76 times • 1 in last 90d here
  4. 2023 Blue Kia Sedan (KXL5269) – 65 times • 1 in last 90d here
  5. 2024 Yw Toyota Taxi (Y208194C) – 47 times • 1 in last 90d here

No One Spared: Crotona Park East Bleeds While Leaders Dither

Crotona Park East: Jan 1, 2022 - Jul 17, 2025

The Toll on Crotona Park East

No one died here last year. But the pavement keeps its own count. In the past twelve months, 144 people were hurt in crashes. Three suffered injuries so severe they may never walk the same. Children, elders, workers—no one is spared. The numbers do not flinch: 206 crashes, each one a story cut short, a life bent out of shape.

Just this winter, a taxi struck a man on Boone Avenue. The pavement was slick, the brakes failed, and the pedestrian was left with a crushed neck. He was conscious when they found him. He is counted among the lucky. NYC Open Data.

The Pattern: Cars, Trucks, and the Rest

Cars and SUVs do most of the harm. In the last three years, they left 61 people hurt—one with injuries that will not heal. Trucks and buses added five more to that toll. Motorcycles and mopeds, one. Bikes, none. The sidewalk is not safe. The crosswalk is not safe. The numbers do not lie.

Leadership: Votes, Silence, and the Next Fight

Senator Luis Sepúlveda voted yes on a bill to force repeat speeders to install speed-limiting devices. The bill aims to stop the worst offenders before they kill. The bill targets drivers with a pattern of violations, seeking to cut risk for pedestrians and cyclists by limiting repeat speeding. He also backed more speed cameras in school zones. Assembly Member Emérita Torres voted to extend school speed zones. Council Member Rafael Salamanca Jr. has spoken up for warehouse regulation and against fake plates, but also pushed back on street redesigns that make streets safer for people on foot and bike.

Still, the blood does not stop. A witness once described the aftermath: “I saw one lady was out on the ground. They was giving her medical attention, checking her body. She was laid out.”

The Call: Demand More Than Words

This is not fate. This is policy. Call your council member. Call your senator. Tell them: the sidewalk is not a buffer. The crosswalk is not armor. Demand a 20 mph limit. Demand real redesigns. Demand enforcement that targets the true danger—speed, weight, and reckless drivers. Do not wait for the next siren.

Citations

Citations

Other Representatives

Emérita Torres
Assembly Member Emérita Torres
District 85
District Office:
1163 Manor Ave. Store Front 1, Bronx, NY 10472
Legislative Office:
Room 833, Legislative Office Building, Albany, NY 12248
Rafael Salamanca Jr.
Council Member Rafael Salamanca Jr.
District 17
District Office:
1070 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10459
718-402-6130
Legislative Office:
250 Broadway, Suite 1776, New York, NY 10007
212-788-7505
Luis Sepúlveda
State Senator Luis Sepúlveda
District 32
District Office:
975 Kelly St. Suite 203, Bronx, NY 10459
Legislative Office:
Room 412, Legislative Office Building, Albany, NY 12247
Other Geographies

Crotona Park East Crotona Park East sits in Bronx, Precinct 42, District 17, AD 85, SD 32, Bronx CB3.

See also
Boroughs
City Council Districts
Community Boards
State_assembly_districts
State Senate Districts

Traffic Safety Timeline for Crotona Park East

8
A 1077 Jackson co-sponsors bill boosting street safety for all users.

Jan 8 - Assembly bill A 1077 pushes for streets built for people, not just cars. Dozens of lawmakers back safer roads. The bill stands at sponsorship. No vote yet. Vulnerable users wait for action.

Assembly bill A 1077, now in sponsorship, aims to 'enable safe access to public roads for all users by utilizing complete street design principles.' Introduced January 8, 2025, the bill sits in committee. Jonathan Rivera leads as primary sponsor, joined by over 60 co-sponsors including Patrick Burke, Robert C. Carroll, and Catalina Cruz. No votes have been cast. The bill's language centers all road users, not just drivers. No safety analyst has yet assessed its impact on vulnerable road users. The measure signals intent but action remains pending.


8
A 1060 Jackson sponsors bill making bike lane projects harder, reducing street safety.

Jan 8 - Assembly Bill 1060 demands public hearings before any bike lane or rack is built or removed. The city must face the people. Cyclists and pedestrians get a voice. No change without warning.

Assembly Bill A 1060 was introduced on January 8, 2025, and is in the sponsorship stage. The bill, titled 'Relates to notification and hearings for proposed construction or removal of bicycle lanes or racks,' requires the Department of Transportation to present at a public hearing before constructing or removing any bike lane or rack. Assembly Member Chantel Jackson (District 79) is the primary sponsor. The measure aims to ensure transparency and public input on street changes that affect vulnerable road users. No safety analyst note was provided.


8
S 131 Sepúlveda co-sponsors bill to consider, not require, complete street design.

Jan 8 - Senate bill S 131 demands complete street design for state-funded projects. Sponsors push for safer roads. Guidance will go public. Streets could change. Pedestrians and cyclists stand to gain.

Senate bill S 131 was introduced on January 8, 2025, now in the sponsorship stage. The bill, titled 'Requires the consideration of complete street design for certain transportation projects which receive federal or state funding,' aims to force safer street planning. Primary sponsor Sean Ryan leads, joined by co-sponsors Jamaal Bailey, Jabari Brisport, Samra Brouk, Cordell Cleare, Leroy Comrie, Jeremy Cooney, Nathalia Fernandez, Michael Gianaris, Kristen Gonzalez, Robert Jackson, Rachel May, Kevin S. Parker, Christopher Ryan, and Luis R. Sepúlveda. The bill also orders the department to publish guidance on street design. No safety analyst note was provided.


2
65-Year-Old Pedestrian Injured at Bronx Intersection

Jan 2 - A 65-year-old man was struck at a Bronx intersection, suffering back injuries. The Chevrolet vehicle hit him with its right front bumper while traveling north. The pedestrian was conscious and crossing without a signal or crosswalk when the crash occurred.

According to the police report, a 65-year-old male pedestrian was injured at the intersection near 1440 Sheridan Blvd in the Bronx at 8:59 PM. The pedestrian was crossing without a signal or crosswalk, described as 'Crossing, No Signal, or Crosswalk.' The Chevrolet vehicle, traveling north and going straight ahead, struck the pedestrian with its right front bumper, causing back injuries classified as injury severity level 3. The driver was licensed and operating the vehicle legally. The report lists the pedestrian's contributing factors as unspecified, and no explicit driver errors such as failure to yield or speeding are cited. The pedestrian remained conscious after the impact. Vehicle damage was limited to the right front bumper.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4783508 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
30
Sedan Rear-Ends SUV Stopped in Bronx Traffic

Dec 30 - A sedan struck the rear of a stopped SUV on Southern Blvd in the Bronx. The SUV driver, a 75-year-old man, sustained shoulder and upper arm injuries. The crash unfolded in the morning amid halted traffic, with no ejections reported.

According to the police report, at 8:36 AM on Southern Blvd in the Bronx, a sedan traveling north collided with the center back end of a Ford SUV that was stopped in traffic. The SUV driver, a 75-year-old male occupant, was injured with contusions and bruises to his shoulder and upper arm but remained conscious and was not ejected. The sedan's point of impact was its right front bumper, indicating a rear-end collision. The report lists unspecified contributing factors but does not cite pedestrian or victim errors. The SUV driver was properly restrained with a lap belt and harness. The bus involved was parked and sustained no damage. The collision highlights driver error related to following distance or attention, as the sedan failed to stop for the halted SUV ahead.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4784044 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
2
Taxi Strikes Pedestrian Off Intersection in Bronx

Dec 2 - A pedestrian suffered knee and lower leg injuries after a taxi traveling east struck him on the right side doors off an intersection in the Bronx. The victim was in shock and sustained contusions. The taxi showed no visible damage.

According to the police report, a taxi traveling east on Jennings Street in the Bronx struck a male pedestrian off the intersection around 11 p.m. The pedestrian was injured in the knee, lower leg, and foot, suffering contusions and shock. The point of impact was the taxi’s right side doors, yet the vehicle sustained no damage. The report lists no specific driver contributing factors, but the pedestrian was in the roadway outside an intersection, described as "Other Actions in Roadway." Both contributing factors for the pedestrian are unspecified. The taxi was going straight ahead at the time of the crash. This incident highlights the dangers posed by vehicles striking vulnerable road users outside designated crossing areas.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4775988 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
2
Bus Strikes Pedestrian at E 174th Street

Dec 2 - A bus rolled down E 174th Street. A 56-year-old man stepped into its path. Metal met flesh. His face hit pavement. Blood pooled. He lay semiconscious as the bus idled, unscathed, eight passengers inside.

A 56-year-old man was struck by a bus at the intersection of E 174th Street and Vyse Avenue in the Bronx, according to the police report. The collision occurred as the bus traveled east with eight passengers aboard. The report states, 'A 56-year-old man stepped into the street against the light. A bus struck him. His face hit the pavement. Blood spread. He lay semiconscious.' The bus sustained no damage. The police report lists the pedestrian's action as 'Crossing Against Signal' and notes 'Unspecified' for contributing factors, providing no evidence of driver error or specific contributing factors by the bus operator. The focus remains on the impact and the severe injuries suffered by the pedestrian, who was left semiconscious with severe lacerations to the face.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4775700 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
22
Salamanca Balances Housing Crisis Concerns Supports Affordable Investments

Nov 22 - Council weakened Adams’s zoning plan. Parking mandates stay in low-density zones. Central areas lose mandates. Housing projections drop. Some neighborhoods bear the burden. Car-centric rules persist. Vulnerable road users see little relief. The city’s streets remain dangerous.

""Taking into account the apprehensions of our constituents, the City Council balanced these concerns against the very real need to respond to the housing crisis this City is indisputably facing," said Council Member Rafael Salamanca of The Bronx. "In the process, we secured $5 billion in investments [in] a plan that makes New York City more affordable and sustainable."" -- Rafael Salamanca, Jr.

Bill: City of Yes zoning reform. Status: Amended and advanced by City Council on November 22, 2024. The Council’s action, described as 'watering down' the mayor’s plan, keeps mandatory parking in low-density neighborhoods while ending it in central areas. The matter summary states: 'ending mandatory parking in areas with the best transit while keeping the costly mandate in low-density neighborhoods where it most hinders development.' Council Member Crystal Hudson voted yes, urging all neighborhoods to share the housing burden. Council Member Kevin Riley defended single-family zones. Council Member Rafael Salamanca cited balancing concerns and securing $5 billion for affordable housing. Borough President Antonio Reynoso warned of increased housing pressure elsewhere. The Council’s changes preserve car-centric zoning, leaving vulnerable road users exposed and limiting progress on safer, less car-dependent streets.


19
Elderly Pedestrian Struck Crossing Southern Boulevard

Nov 19 - A 78-year-old woman crossing with the signal was hit by a vehicle’s front end at a Bronx intersection. She suffered knee and leg injuries. The impact left her bruised but conscious.

According to the police report, a 78-year-old female pedestrian was crossing with the signal at Southern Boulevard in the Bronx when an unspecified vehicle struck her with its center front end. She sustained injuries to her knee, lower leg, and foot, including contusions and bruises, but remained conscious after the crash. The report does not list any driver errors or contributing factors such as failure to yield or speeding. No victim actions were cited as contributing factors. The vehicle was damaged at the center front, marking the point of impact. This case underscores the risks pedestrians face, even when following traffic signals.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4772737 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
6
Unlicensed Moped Driver Injured in Bronx Crash

Nov 6 - A moped driver, unlicensed and pursued by police, collided with multiple parked sedans in the Bronx. The impact caused abrasions and injuries to the rider’s elbow and lower arm. Unsafe speed was cited as a contributing factor in the crash.

According to the police report, a 25-year-old male moped driver, unlicensed and involved in a police pursuit, crashed in the Bronx at 20:38. The moped struck several parked sedans, damaging the center front end of the moped and the right side doors and right front quarter panels of the sedans. The driver suffered abrasions and injuries to the elbow, lower arm, and hand, remaining conscious and not ejected from the vehicle. The report explicitly lists 'Unsafe Speed' as a contributing factor. The moped driver was the only injured occupant noted. No victim behaviors were cited as contributing factors. The crash highlights the dangers posed by unlicensed drivers operating at unsafe speeds during police pursuits.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4770499 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
23
Pick-up Truck Rear-Ends Southbound Bicyclist

Oct 23 - A 17-year-old bicyclist was ejected and seriously injured after a pick-up truck struck him from behind on East 173 Street in the Bronx. The crash caused fractures and dislocations to the rider’s arm. The truck followed too closely, according to police.

At approximately 10:00 a.m. on East 173 Street in the Bronx, a pick-up truck traveling south struck a southbound bicyclist from behind. According to the police report, the contributing factor was 'Following Too Closely.' The bicyclist, a 17-year-old male, was ejected from his bike and sustained serious injuries including fractures and dislocations to his elbow, lower arm, and hand. The report notes the point of impact as the truck's right front bumper hitting the center back end of the bike. The bicyclist was conscious but injured severely. No other contributing factors such as victim behavior or helmet use were cited. The driver error of tailgating directly led to this violent collision and the rider’s injuries.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4765975 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
2
SUV Collides with Parked SUV on East 174 Street

Oct 2 - A moving SUV struck a parked SUV on East 174 Street in the Bronx. The driver of the moving vehicle suffered a fractured knee and lower leg injuries. The collision caused significant damage to the left front quarter panels of both vehicles.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 3:48 AM on East 174 Street in the Bronx. A 2015 Chevrolet SUV traveling south struck a parked 2010 Nissan SUV. The point of impact was the left front quarter panel on both vehicles. The moving vehicle's driver, a 30-year-old female from Texas, was injured with a fracture and dislocation to her knee and lower leg. She was conscious and not ejected from the vehicle; the airbag deployed during the collision. The report lists no specific contributing factors or driver errors such as failure to yield or speeding. The collision involved two SUVs, with the parked vehicle sustaining damage to its left front quarter panel and the moving vehicle sustaining damage to its left front bumper.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4761482 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
26
Int 0346-2024 Salamanca votes yes to decriminalize jaywalking, boosting pedestrian safety citywide.

Sep 26 - Council ends jaywalking penalties. Pedestrians now cross anywhere, any time. No summons. Law strips drivers of excuses. Streets shift. Power tilts to people on foot.

Int 0346-2024, now enacted, rewrites New York’s pedestrian rules. The bill, heard by the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, passed on September 26, 2024, and became law on October 26, 2024. Its title: “A Local Law to amend the administrative code of the city of New York, in relation to pedestrian crossing guidelines and right of way.” Sponsored by Council Member Tiffany Cabán and co-sponsored by Narcisse, Won, Hanif, Hudson, and Restler, the law lets pedestrians cross streets anywhere, even against signals. No more tickets for crossing outside crosswalks. The Department of Transportation must educate all street users on new rights and responsibilities. The law removes a tool police used to target walkers. It shifts blame from people on foot to the system and those behind the wheel.


9
Sedan Strikes Pedestrian at Vyse Avenue

Sep 9 - A sedan turning right on Vyse Avenue hit a woman in a marked crosswalk. She suffered internal injuries. The driver failed to yield. The Bronx street saw another pedestrian harmed by a car.

According to the police report, a 2014 Honda sedan made a right turn on Vyse Avenue in the Bronx and struck a female pedestrian crossing in a marked crosswalk. The crash happened at 8:45 PM. The pedestrian suffered internal injuries to her abdomen and pelvis and was conscious at the scene. The report lists 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' as the driver’s contributing factor. The pedestrian was crossing without a signal, but this was not cited as a cause. No vehicle damage was reported. The incident shows the danger when drivers fail to yield to people crossing at intersections.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4754506 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
5
SUV Left Turn Hits Sedan Head-On Bronx

Sep 5 - A southbound SUV making a left turn struck a northbound sedan on Southern Boulevard. The sedan driver suffered whiplash and full-body injuries. Police cited failure to yield right-of-way as the cause. Both vehicles sustained front and side damage.

According to the police report, the crash occurred on Southern Boulevard in the Bronx around 10:00 AM. A station wagon/SUV traveling south was making a left turn when it collided with a northbound sedan going straight ahead. The point of impact was the right side doors of the SUV and the center front end of the sedan. The sedan driver, a 35-year-old male, was injured with whiplash and injuries to his entire body. He was wearing a lap belt and harness and was not ejected. The police report explicitly cites failure to yield right-of-way as the contributing factor. No other contributing factors or victim behaviors were noted. The collision caused significant damage to both vehicles, highlighting the dangers of left turns against oncoming traffic.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4753324 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
2
Moped Driver Ejected, Suffers Head Injury

Sep 2 - A 30-year-old male moped driver was ejected and sustained a serious head injury on Southern Boulevard in the Bronx. The driver was unconscious and suffered contusions. The crash occurred early morning with unspecified contributing factors noted by police.

According to the police report, a 30-year-old male moped driver was ejected from his vehicle and suffered a head injury classified as severe (injury severity 3). The incident occurred at 3:09 AM on Southern Boulevard in the Bronx. The driver was unconscious at the scene and had contusions and bruises. The report lists the contributing factors as unspecified, indicating no clear driver error was identified. The driver held a permit license from New York State. The point of impact and vehicle damage are both categorized as 'Other,' suggesting a non-standard collision scenario. No pedestrian or cyclist was involved, and no victim behaviors were noted as contributing factors.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4752394 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
30
Driver Fails to Yield, Injures Bronx Bicyclist

Aug 30 - A bicyclist suffered elbow and arm injuries after a vehicle making a left turn struck him in the Bronx. The crash occurred late at night. Police cited failure to yield right-of-way as the cause. The cyclist was not wearing safety gear.

According to the police report, the crash happened at 11:31 PM near 1490 Crotona Park East in the Bronx. A vehicle making a left turn collided with a bicyclist traveling northeast, impacting the cyclist's left side doors. The bicyclist, a 27-year-old male, was injured with trauma to his elbow, lower arm, and hand, and experienced shock and complaints of pain or nausea. The report explicitly lists 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' as the contributing factor, indicating driver error. The bicyclist was not ejected and was not wearing any safety equipment at the time. No other contributing factors were noted. This collision highlights the danger posed by drivers failing to yield to vulnerable road users, resulting in serious injury.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4752349 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
15
Int 0745-2024 Salamanca votes yes on bill requiring DOT to report micromobility data, no direct safety impact.

Aug 15 - City law now forces DOT to reveal where bikes and scooters go. Streets and bridges, protected or not. Data goes public. Riders’ movement, danger, and safety projects laid bare. No more hiding the facts.

Int 0745-2024, now enacted, came through the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. It was introduced April 11, 2024, and passed on August 15, 2024. The law orders the Department of Transportation to post current bicycle and micromobility ridership data online, updated monthly or at least yearly. The matter summary reads: 'requiring the department of transportation to provide information about bicycle and other micromobility device activity.' Council Member Selvena N. Brooks-Powers led as primary sponsor, joined by Farías, Restler, Hudson, Schulman, and others. The law demands transparency on where riders travel and what DOT does to keep them safe. This opens the books on bike movement and exposes gaps in protection.


12
Sedan U-Turn Hits E-Bike Rider in Bronx

Aug 12 - A sedan making a U-turn struck an eastbound e-bike on Wilkens Avenue in the Bronx. The e-bike driver, a 33-year-old man wearing a helmet, suffered a concussion and full-body injuries. Police cited the sedan driver’s failure to yield right-of-way.

According to the police report, the crash occurred on Wilkens Avenue near Jennings Street in the Bronx. A 2019 Cadillac sedan, registered in Pennsylvania, was making a U-turn when it collided with an eastbound e-bike. The point of impact was the sedan’s left side doors and the e-bike’s center front end. The e-bike driver, a 33-year-old male wearing a helmet, sustained a concussion and injuries to his entire body but was conscious and not ejected. The report identifies the sedan driver’s failure to yield right-of-way as the primary contributing factor. No other contributing factors related to the victim’s behavior were noted. The sedan driver was licensed and operating the vehicle during the maneuver. This crash highlights the dangers posed by vehicle drivers making unsafe turns without yielding to vulnerable road users.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4749875 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
9
SUV Strikes Pedestrian Crossing With Signal

Aug 9 - A 48-year-old woman suffered severe leg injuries after an SUV failed to yield and struck her at a Bronx intersection. The pedestrian was crossing with the signal when the vehicle hit her head-on, fracturing and dislocating her lower leg.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 6:00 AM on Southern Boulevard near Freeman Street in the Bronx. A Station Wagon/Sport Utility Vehicle traveling north went straight ahead and struck a 48-year-old female pedestrian at the intersection. The pedestrian was crossing with the signal when the SUV impacted her center front end. The report cites 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' as the contributing factor on the driver's part. The pedestrian sustained serious injuries to her knee, lower leg, and foot, including fractures and dislocations, and remained conscious after the collision. No other contributing factors related to the pedestrian were noted in the report. This incident highlights the critical danger posed by drivers failing to yield to pedestrians legally crossing intersections.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4747936 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19