Crash Count for Park Slope
Crashes: Collisions involving cars, bikes, and pedestrians. 1,532
All Injuries: Any injury from a reported crash. 756
Moderate: Broken bones, concussions, and other serious injuries. 167
Serious: Life-altering injuries: amputations, paralysis, severe trauma. 7
Deaths: Lives lost to traffic violence. 2
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Jul 29, 2025

Who’s Injuring and Killing Pedestrians in Park Slope?

Park Slope Bleeds While Leaders Stall—Demand Streets That Protect People, Not Cars

Park Slope Bleeds While Leaders Stall—Demand Streets That Protect People, Not Cars

Park Slope: Jan 1, 2022 - Jul 11, 2025

The Toll in Park Slope

The streets do not forgive. Since 2022, one person has died and seven have been seriously injured in Park Slope. There have been 698 injuries in 1,459 crashes. The numbers do not flinch. They do not care if you are young or old. They only count the bodies.

Cars and SUVs hit hardest. They killed one, seriously hurt two, and left 115 more injured. Taxis took another life and broke two more bodies. Trucks and buses added seven more injuries. Bikes and mopeds, too, left their mark—eight injuries each, one serious from a bike. No one is spared. Not the old, not the young.

The Latest Wounds

The violence does not pause. In the last year, 136 people were injured in 239 crashes. Three were hurt so badly they may never walk the same. No deaths this year, but the luck will not hold. The last death was a pedestrian, struck by a taxi. She was 72. She died at the intersection. The city moved on.

Leaders: Steps and Silences

Council Member Shahana Hanif has co-sponsored bills to ban parking near crosswalks and speed up protected bike lanes. She signed on to the SAFE Streets Act. Assembly Member Robert Carroll pushed for delivery app insurance, but the bill died under corporate pressure (DoorDash lobbying sunk the bill). Senator Zellnor Myrie has backed bus lanes and congestion pricing. They have all spoken, but the blood still runs.

A witness once described the scene: “He was laid out on the floor. His head was wide open.” Another neighbor said, “They plow right through red lights, no consideration for people crossing. They just don’t care.”

What Next? Demand More

This is not fate. Every crash is a policy failure. Call your council member. Call your assembly member. Demand a 20 mph speed limit. Demand daylight at every crosswalk. Demand real protection for people, not cars.

Do not wait for the next siren. The street will not wait for you.

Frequently Asked Questions

Where does Park Slope sit politically?
It belongs to borough Brooklyn, community board Brooklyn CB6, city council district District 39, assembly district AD 44 and state senate district SD 20.
What types of vehicles caused injuries and deaths to pedestrians in Park Slope?
Cars and SUVs: 1 death, 2 serious injuries, 115 total injuries. Taxis: 1 death, 2 serious injuries, 8 total injuries. Trucks and buses: 0 deaths, 0 serious injuries, 5 total injuries. Bikes: 0 deaths, 1 serious injury, 8 total injuries. Mopeds and motorcycles: 0 deaths, 0 serious injuries, 6 total injuries. Cars and SUVs are the main killers.
Are these crashes just accidents, or are they preventable?
They are preventable. Every crash is a policy failure. Lower speeds, better street design, and real enforcement save lives.
What can local politicians do to stop traffic violence?
They can lower speed limits, ban parking near crosswalks, build protected bike lanes, and hold reckless drivers accountable. They can pass and enforce laws that protect people, not just cars.
What has Council Member Hanif done for street safety?
She has co-sponsored bills to ban parking near crosswalks, speed up protected bike lanes, and supported the SAFE Streets Act.
What is CrashCount?
We’re a tool for helping hold local politicians and other actors accountable for their failure to protect you when you’re walking or cycling in NYC. We update our site constantly to provide you with up to date information on what’s happening in your neighborhood.

Citations

Citations

Other Representatives

Robert Carroll
Assembly Member Robert Carroll
District 44
District Office:
416 7th Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11215
Legislative Office:
Room 557, Legislative Office Building, Albany, NY 12248
Shahana Hanif
Council Member Shahana Hanif
District 39
District Office:
456 5th Avenue, 3rd Floor, Brooklyn, NY 11215
718-499-1090
Legislative Office:
250 Broadway, Suite 1745, New York, NY 10007
212-788-6969
Twitter: ShahanaFromBK
Zellnor Myrie
State Senator Zellnor Myrie
District 20
District Office:
1077 Nostrand Ave. Ground Floor, Brooklyn, NY 11225
Legislative Office:
Room 806, Legislative Office Building, Albany, NY 12247
Other Geographies

Park Slope Park Slope sits in Brooklyn, Precinct 78, District 39, AD 44, SD 20, Brooklyn CB6.

See also
Boroughs
City Council Districts
Community Boards
State_assembly_districts
State Senate Districts

Traffic Safety Timeline for Park Slope

Pickup Truck Strikes E-Bike Rider on 4th Avenue

A pickup truck hit a 24-year-old man riding an e-bike on 4th Avenue at Sackett Street. He was thrown, his body broken. He died under the Brooklyn night, helmet still strapped to his head. The street swallowed another cyclist.

According to the police report, a 24-year-old man riding an e-bike was struck by a northbound pickup truck at 4th Avenue and Sackett Street in Brooklyn. The report states the cyclist was 'thrown' and suffered fatal injuries to his entire body. The narrative describes the victim as having his 'helmet strapped' and notes he 'died there, under the Brooklyn night.' The e-bike was demolished, with the point of impact listed as the right side doors, while the pickup truck sustained damage to its right front bumper. The police report does not specify any contributing factors or driver errors, listing them as 'Unspecified.' The cyclist’s helmet use is mentioned only as a detail, not as a contributing factor. The focus remains on the impact and the deadly consequences for the vulnerable road user.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4767852 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
SUV Unsafe Speed Causes Left-Turn Crash

A speeding SUV changed lanes improperly and collided with a sedan making a left turn on Flatbush Avenue in Brooklyn. The SUV driver suffered knee and lower leg injuries, enduring shock and pain. Both vehicles sustained front and rear bumper damage.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 10:04 on Flatbush Avenue in Brooklyn. The SUV driver was traveling north, changing lanes at unsafe speed when the collision happened. The sedan was making a left turn at the time. The report cites 'Unsafe Speed' and 'Turning Improperly' as contributing factors, highlighting driver errors on the SUV's part. The SUV's left front bumper struck the sedan's right rear bumper. The 24-year-old male SUV driver, who was wearing a lap belt and harness, was injured with knee, lower leg, and foot trauma and experienced shock and complaints of pain or nausea. The sedan driver was licensed and driving north as well. No victim behaviors were listed as contributing factors in the report.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4764395 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
Cyclist Ejected After Traffic Control Disregarded

A woman pedaled west on Union Street. She missed the sign. Head met pavement. Blood pooled. Her helmet held, but her body broke. She stayed awake as the street fell silent. The bike survived. She did not, not fully.

A 41-year-old woman riding a bicycle westbound near 901 Union Street in Brooklyn was ejected from her bike and suffered a head injury, according to the police report. The report states the cyclist 'disregarded traffic control,' leading to the crash. She was described as 'conscious' but suffered 'severe bleeding' from the head. The narrative notes, 'The sign was missed. She flew, struck head-first. Her helmet held. Blood pooled.' The police report lists 'Traffic Control Disregarded' as the primary contributing factor. No other vehicles were involved, and the report does not cite any other contributing behaviors. The focus remains on the failure to observe traffic control devices, as documented by police.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4764626 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
Int 1084-2024
Hanif co-sponsors bill to boost street safety with e-bike battery stations.

Council bill orders DOT to build 35 e-bike battery stations yearly. A quarter will sit curbside, letting riders lock up. Sponsors: Rivera, Nurse, Hanif. Streets may shift. City must post locations.

Int 1084-2024, now in the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, was introduced October 10, 2024. The bill reads: 'requiring the department of transportation to install e-bicycle battery stations.' Council Members Carlina Rivera (primary sponsor), Sandy Nurse, and Shahana K. Hanif back the measure. It mandates DOT to install at least 35 e-bike battery stations each year for five years, with at least 25% curbside for secure parking. DOT must report on station rollout and post locations online. The bill aims to reshape curb space and infrastructure for e-bike riders, but offers no direct safety analysis for vulnerable road users.


Unlicensed Moped Driver Ejected in Brooklyn SUV Crash

A 30-year-old unlicensed moped driver was ejected and suffered full-body injuries after colliding head-on with an SUV on 4 Avenue in Brooklyn. The crash, caused by driver inexperience and following too closely, left the rider in shock and pain.

According to the police report, a collision occurred at 11:35 on 4 Avenue near Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn involving a 2024 moped and a 2018 Nissan SUV. The moped driver, a 30-year-old female, was unlicensed and traveling southbound when the crash happened. The point of impact was the center front end of the moped and the right front quarter panel of the SUV. The report cites 'Driver Inexperience' and 'Following Too Closely' as contributing factors. The moped driver was ejected from the vehicle, sustaining injuries to her entire body and was found in shock, complaining of pain and nausea. The moped driver was wearing a helmet at the time. The SUV driver’s license status was not reported. No pedestrian or cyclist victim behavior was listed as contributing factors.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4762193 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
Hanif Supports Safety Boosting Parking Mandate Elimination

Council weighs Adams’s push to scrap parking mandates. Debate sharp. Some say mandates block homes, plazas, and safer streets. Progressive members back removal. Others resist in transit deserts. The fight shapes the future for housing, space, and city life.

On October 3, 2024, the City Council began reviewing Mayor Adams’s City of Yes zoning reform, focusing on the elimination of mandatory parking requirements for new developments. The proposal, under the Town Center Zoning plan, aims to boost small-scale, mixed-use housing. Council Members Shahana Hanif and Lincoln Restler voiced strong support, with Hanif stating, 'Parking mandates block housing, they block extra space for the folks living in communities, they block plazas, and the ability to live in a climate friendly city.' Restler called the policy vital for Brooklyn. Department of City Planning Director Dan Garodnick acknowledged the importance of removing parking mandates but noted the plan could proceed without it. The Council faces pushback from low-density, transit-poor areas. Progressive groups and experts argue that ending parking mandates is overdue and would reshape housing, public space, and climate policy citywide.


Sedan Right Turn Hits Bicyclist on 4 Avenue

A sedan making a right turn struck a bicyclist traveling straight on 4 Avenue in Brooklyn. The 25-year-old male cyclist was partially ejected, suffering contusions and lower leg injuries. Police cite driver failure to yield right-of-way as cause.

According to the police report, a 2021 Toyota sedan was making a right turn on 4 Avenue in Brooklyn at 8:15 when it collided with a bicyclist traveling straight ahead. The bicyclist, a 25-year-old male, was partially ejected from his bike and sustained contusions and injuries to his knee, lower leg, and foot. The point of impact was the sedan's right front quarter panel and the bike's left front bumper. The report explicitly lists 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' as the contributing factor, indicating the driver did not yield to the bicyclist. The bicyclist was not wearing any safety equipment. No other contributing factors related to the victim were noted. The collision caused visible damage to the sedan's right front bumper. The driver’s error in yielding right-of-way directly led to the bicyclist’s injuries.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4759441 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
Res 0574-2024
Hanif sponsors bike lane camera bill, boosting cyclist safety and street equity.

Council pushes Albany to let New York City ticket drivers who block bike lanes. Cameras would catch violators. Cyclists face deadly risk. Lawmakers demand action. Streets must protect the vulnerable.

Resolution 0574-2024 sits in the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Introduced September 26, 2024, it urges passage of S.5008A/A.803A. The measure calls for a 'bicycle lane safety program' using cameras to enforce bike lane rules. Council Members Shahana K. Hanif (primary sponsor), Lincoln Restler, and Erik D. Bottcher back the resolution. The text states: 'enforce certain restrictions on the use of bicycle lanes and protected bicycle lanes by means of bicycle lane photo devices.' The council demands Albany act. Cyclists die while drivers block lanes. The bill aims to hold motorists accountable and protect those most at risk.


Int 0346-2024
Hanif votes yes to decriminalize jaywalking, boosting pedestrian safety citywide.

Council ends jaywalking penalties. Pedestrians now cross anywhere, any time. No summons. Law strips drivers of excuses. Streets shift. Power tilts to people on foot.

Int 0346-2024, now enacted, rewrites New York’s pedestrian rules. The bill, heard by the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, passed on September 26, 2024, and became law on October 26, 2024. Its title: “A Local Law to amend the administrative code of the city of New York, in relation to pedestrian crossing guidelines and right of way.” Sponsored by Council Member Tiffany Cabán and co-sponsored by Narcisse, Won, Hanif, Hudson, and Restler, the law lets pedestrians cross streets anywhere, even against signals. No more tickets for crossing outside crosswalks. The Department of Transportation must educate all street users on new rights and responsibilities. The law removes a tool police used to target walkers. It shifts blame from people on foot to the system and those behind the wheel.


Box Truck Hits Pedestrian on 4 Avenue

A box truck struck a 30-year-old male pedestrian at a Brooklyn intersection. The pedestrian suffered a head injury and concussion. Police cited the truck driver’s failure to yield and inattention as key factors in the collision.

According to the police report, a box truck making a right turn on 4 Avenue in Brooklyn struck a 30-year-old male pedestrian at an intersection. The pedestrian was injured, sustaining a head injury and concussion, and remained conscious after the crash. The point of impact was the truck’s right side doors, causing damage to that area. The report explicitly cites the driver’s failure to yield right-of-way and driver inattention or distraction as contributing factors to the crash. The pedestrian was in the roadway at the time, but no contributing factors related to the pedestrian’s behavior were noted. The collision highlights the dangers posed by driver errors such as failure to yield and distraction in urban traffic environments.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4759178 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
Andrew Gounardes Supports Safety Boosting Brooklyn Marine Terminal Revitalization

Feds send $164 million to Brooklyn Marine Terminal. Officials cheer jobs, cleaner air, and modern piers. Some warn of more trucks. The city takes control. Freight moves, but so do risks. Streets near Red Hook brace for change.

On September 23, 2024, federal officials announced $163.8 million for the Brooklyn Marine Terminal (BMT) in Council District 26. The funding, praised by State Sen. Andrew Gounardes and Mayor Eric Adams, aims to 'revitalize the Brooklyn Marine Terminal,' reduce truck traffic, and modernize infrastructure. The NYC Economic Development Corporation took over BMT from the Port Authority in May. U.S. Rep. Jerry Nadler warned the deal could increase truck traffic and threaten jobs, but stressed the port's importance. The grant targets repairs, modernization, and traffic reduction. No formal safety analysis for vulnerable road users was provided. The project’s impact on street safety remains unclear as freight and trucks shift through Red Hook.


E-Bike Rider Ejected in Brooklyn Collision

A 28-year-old male e-bike rider was ejected and suffered a head contusion in a Brooklyn crash. The collision occurred at Atlantic Avenue, involving driver inattention and rider confusion. The rider was conscious but injured, with no helmet worn.

According to the police report, a 28-year-old male e-bike rider was injured and ejected during a crash at 620 Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn around 6:00 PM. The report cites 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' and 'Pedestrian/Bicyclist/Other Pedestrian Error/Confusion' as contributing factors. The rider, who was the driver of the e-bike traveling east and going straight ahead, suffered a head contusion and was conscious at the scene. The vehicle sustained no damage. The report explicitly notes the rider was not wearing any safety equipment. This collision highlights driver inattention as a critical factor, combined with confusion on the part of the bicyclist, resulting in a violent impact that ejected the rider and caused significant injury.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4755785 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
Gounardes Calls for Prosecution and Safer Streets

A white SUV struck a 74-year-old man in a Bay Ridge crosswalk. The driver did not slow down. The victim flew through the air. He died at the hospital. The driver fled. Senator Gounardes called for prosecution and safer streets.

On September 12, 2024, State Senator Andrew Gounardes (District 26) responded to a fatal hit-and-run in Bay Ridge. Surveillance video shows a white SUV slamming into Segundo Reina-Gaon, 74, at Ridge Boulevard and Bay Ridge Avenue. The driver did not slow down and fled the scene. Gounardes wrote, 'Awful news to wake up to this morning in Bay Ridge. The video is hard to watch. The driver doesn’t appear to even slow down. This driver needs to be apprehended and prosecuted. And we will continue to work with DOT to make this intersection – and Ridge Boulevard – safer.' Gounardes supports stronger enforcement and street redesign to protect pedestrians. The crash underscores the deadly risk to vulnerable road users at dangerous intersections.


Gounardes Condemns Hit-and-Run Demands Justice and Enforcement

A white SUV struck and killed a 74-year-old man in a Bay Ridge crosswalk. The driver fled. Council Member Justin Brannan called out the violence. Police search for answers. Grief and anger grip the neighborhood. The victim’s family mourns. Justice remains elusive.

On September 12, 2024, Council Member Justin Brannan (District 47) responded to a deadly hit-and-run in Bay Ridge. The incident, reported by brooklynpaper.com, saw a 74-year-old pedestrian killed while crossing Ridge Boulevard at Bay Ridge Avenue. The matter, titled 'Police seek driver of white SUV after 74-year-old killed in Bay Ridge hit-and-run,' details how the driver fled, leaving the victim and several damaged vehicles behind. Brannan posted: 'This is not the news any of us wanted to wake up to today. One of our neighbors was killed by a driver in a white SUV last night. The driver took off, and all of it was captured on video.' State Senator Andrew Gounardes also voiced outrage and concern. Both officials pledged to support the investigation and seek justice for the victim. No safety analyst assessment was provided for this event.


Gounardes Supports Enforcement and Safety Improvements After Fatal Hit-and-Run

A white SUV struck Segundo Reina-Gaon, 74, in a Brooklyn crosswalk. The driver fled. Paramedics rushed Reina-Gaon to the hospital. He died. Police set up a checkpoint. State Sen. Andrew Gounardes had raised safety concerns at this spot days before.

On September 12, 2024, a fatal hit-and-run occurred in Council District 26. Segundo Reina-Gaon, 74, was killed crossing Ridge Blvd. near Bay Ridge Ave. The incident happened just a block from where State Senator Andrew Gounardes met with Department of Transportation officials to discuss safety issues earlier that week. Gounardes responded, 'Devastated to wake up to the news that a Bay Ridge neighbor was killed by an SUV in a hit-and-run last night. Just two days ago I was discussing safety concerns one block from here with DOT.' The NYPD set up a checkpoint at the crash site, stopping vehicles and checking IDs. The matter underscores the deadly risk to pedestrians and the urgent need for systemic change. Gounardes supports pedestrian safety improvements and enforcement against hit-and-run drivers.


SUV Strikes Bicyclist Turning Improperly in Brooklyn

A 29-year-old female bicyclist was injured after an SUV made an improper right turn at unsafe speed in Brooklyn. The cyclist was partially ejected and suffered a neck injury. The crash occurred at 9:09 AM near 9th Street.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 9:09 AM in Brooklyn near 341 9th Street. A 29-year-old female bicyclist traveling west was struck on her left side doors by a 2024 Honda SUV making a right turn. The SUV driver was cited for 'Turning Improperly' and 'Unsafe Speed.' The bicyclist was partially ejected and sustained a neck injury, classified as injury severity level 3. The report also notes 'Unsafe Speed' and 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as contributing factors on the bicyclist's part. The SUV sustained front-end damage, while the bike showed no damage. The police report highlights driver errors, specifically the SUV driver's improper turning maneuver and unsafe speed, as central causes of the collision.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4749395 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
Int 0745-2024
Hanif votes yes on bill requiring DOT to report micromobility data, no direct safety impact.

City law now forces DOT to reveal where bikes and scooters go. Streets and bridges, protected or not. Data goes public. Riders’ movement, danger, and safety projects laid bare. No more hiding the facts.

Int 0745-2024, now enacted, came through the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. It was introduced April 11, 2024, and passed on August 15, 2024. The law orders the Department of Transportation to post current bicycle and micromobility ridership data online, updated monthly or at least yearly. The matter summary reads: 'requiring the department of transportation to provide information about bicycle and other micromobility device activity.' Council Member Selvena N. Brooks-Powers led as primary sponsor, joined by Farías, Restler, Hudson, Schulman, and others. The law demands transparency on where riders travel and what DOT does to keep them safe. This opens the books on bike movement and exposes gaps in protection.


81-Year-Old Pedestrian Struck by E-Bike on 8 Avenue

An 81-year-old woman crossing with the signal on 8 Avenue was struck by an e-bike. She suffered a fractured and dislocated face injury. The crash involved failure to yield right-of-way and disregarding traffic control by the e-bike operator.

According to the police report, the crash occurred at 22:30 on 8 Avenue in Brooklyn. An 81-year-old female pedestrian, crossing with the signal at the intersection, was injured when struck by an e-bike traveling westbound. The pedestrian sustained a fractured and dislocated facial injury, classified as injury severity level 3, and remained conscious. The report cites 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' and 'Traffic Control Disregarded' as contributing factors, indicating driver errors by the e-bike operator. Both vehicles involved were Citibikes traveling straight ahead, with no reported vehicle damage. The pedestrian was not at fault; the crash highlights systemic dangers from e-bike operators failing to yield and ignoring traffic signals.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4748053 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05
Myrie Condemns Adams for Neglecting Safety Boosting Bus Lanes

Mayor Adams’s DOT has proposed just seven miles of new bus lanes for 2024. The law requires thirty. Riders wait. Buses crawl. Advocates rage. The city drags its feet. Streets stay dangerous. The promise of safer, faster transit goes unmet.

""It s unacceptable that Mayor Adams has not prioritized improving bus speeds, service, and reliability with the tools he has at his control,"" -- Zellnor Myrie

On August 5, 2024, the Department of Transportation revealed it has proposed only seven miles of bus priority lanes for the year—less than a quarter of the thirty miles required annually by the Streets Master Plan law. This marks the lowest bus lane mileage since 2018. The matter, titled 'Adams Has Proposed Just 7 Miles of Bus Lanes This Year — Less Than 1/4 of Requirement,' has drawn sharp criticism. State Sen. Zellnor Myrie called it 'unacceptable that Mayor Adams has not prioritized improving bus speeds, service, and reliability.' Scott Stringer accused the administration of using 'community engagement as an excuse to not get things done.' Brad Lander pledged to push for more dedicated bus lanes. Riders like Alex Gean described daily gridlock. The DOT claims more lanes are coming, but offers no details. Vulnerable road users—bus riders, pedestrians—remain at risk as the city fails to meet its own safety and mobility targets.


Tire Failure Sends Passenger to Hospital on 4th Avenue

A sedan slammed into a stopped pick-up on 4th Avenue. Tire failure triggered the crash. A 74-year-old woman in the front seat took the blow. She suffered abdominal and pelvic injuries. Shock and pain followed.

According to the police report, a sedan heading north on 4 Avenue in Brooklyn struck the rear of a stopped pick-up truck at 18:43. The crash left the sedan’s front passenger, a 74-year-old woman, with abdominal and pelvic trauma, shock, and pain. The report lists tire failure or inadequate tires as the sole contributing factor. The sedan’s driver was licensed and driving straight. The injured passenger wore a lap belt and harness and was not ejected. No victim actions are cited as factors. The police report focuses on the tire failure that led to the impact.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4744554 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-08-05