Crash Count for Todt Hill-Emerson Hill-Lighthouse Hill-Manor Heights
Crashes: Collisions involving cars, bikes, and pedestrians. 1,264
All Injuries: Any injury from a reported crash. 659
Moderate: Broken bones, concussions, and other serious injuries. 164
Serious: Life-altering injuries: amputations, paralysis, severe trauma. 4
Deaths: Lives lost to traffic violence. 2
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Sep 28, 2025
Carnage in Todt Hill-Emerson Hill-Lighthouse Hill-Manor Heights
Detailed breakdowns aren’t yet available for this year slice; totals below reflect the selected window.
Killed 2
Crush Injuries 1
Head 1
Amputation 1
Lower leg/foot 1
Severe Lacerations 2
Lower leg/foot 2
Concussion 2
Head 2
Whiplash 48
Neck 21
+16
Back 12
+7
Head 6
+1
Chest 4
Whole body 4
Shoulder/upper arm 2
Abdomen/pelvis 1
Face 1
Lower leg/foot 1
Contusion/Bruise 39
Shoulder/upper arm 7
+2
Face 6
+1
Chest 5
Head 5
Lower arm/hand 5
Lower leg/foot 4
Back 3
Hip/upper leg 2
Neck 1
Whole body 1
Abrasion 21
Lower arm/hand 6
+1
Lower leg/foot 3
Neck 3
Face 2
Hip/upper leg 2
Shoulder/upper arm 2
Chest 1
Head 1
Whole body 1
Pain/Nausea 8
Head 3
Whole body 3
Back 1
Lower arm/hand 1
Shoulder/upper arm 1
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Sep 28, 2025

Who’s Injuring and Killing Pedestrians in Todt Hill-Emerson Hill-Lighthouse Hill-Manor Heights?

Preventable Speeding in Todt Hill-Emerson Hill-Lighthouse Hill-Manor Heights School Zones

(since 2022)
Two dead since 2022. The hits keep coming on Manor and Richmond.

Two dead since 2022. The hits keep coming on Manor and Richmond.

Todt Hill-Emerson Hill-Lighthouse Hill-Manor Heights: Jan 1, 2022 - Sep 23, 2025

A man stepped into the marked crosswalk at Richmond Road and Ralph Place in the afternoon. A driver turning left hit him; police recorded failure to yield by the driver. He survived, hurt in the leg. Source.

Since Jan 1, 2022, this area has seen 2 deaths and 640 injuries in traffic crashes. That includes people walking, biking, and inside cars. NYC Open Data.

This Week

  • On Sep 11, a northbound SUV driver hit another SUV near the Staten Island Expressway and Woolley Ave; a 42-year-old woman was injured. NYC Open Data.
  • On Aug 30, two southbound sedan drivers collided at Richmond Hill Rd and Old Mill Rd, sending a 65-year-old passenger to the hospital. NYC Open Data.
  • On Aug 1, a person on a bike was ejected in a crash at Manor Rd and Rockland Ave; he was injured. NYC Open Data.

The map points to Manor, Richmond, the Expressway

Manor Road leads the harm count here. One person died there, and another was seriously hurt. The Staten Island Expressway has logged the most injuries. Richmond Road is another steady source of pain. NYC Open Data.

A bus driver making a left killed a 69-year-old man on Platinum Avenue in 2022. He died at the scene. NYC Open Data: CrashID 4527470.

Deaths here come at all hours. One before dawn. One in mid‑afternoon. NYC Open Data.

The turn that breaks bones

At Richmond Rd and Ralph Pl, police logged the cause as the driver’s failure to yield while turning left. The man in the crosswalk went down with leg injuries. NYC Open Data: CrashID 4839598.

Simple fixes can blunt these hits at corners like this:

  • Daylight the crosswalks so turning drivers can see people sooner.
  • Add leading pedestrian intervals and harden left turns.
  • Tighten truck and bus turns where heavy vehicles run close to the curb.

The record of City Hall and Albany

Staten Island’s State Senator Andrew Lanza voted no on the school‑zone speed‑camera renewal (S 8344) this June, a program proven to deter speeding. Streetsblog NYC. He voted yes in one committee vote on the Stop Super Speeders Act (S4045) and then voted no the next day as it advanced. Open States.

Your Assembly Member, Sam Pirozzolo, also voted no on renewing New York City’s speed‑camera program. Streetsblog NYC. Your Council Member is David M. Carr.

What would help now

  • Lower the speed limit on residential streets. New authority exists; the city has begun using it. The case to move faster is laid out here.
  • Pass and enforce speed‑limiting tech for repeat speeders. The bill is live in Albany: S4045.

The man in the crosswalk at Richmond and Ralph lived. Others did not. The fixes are known. The delays are not.

Take one step today: tell City Hall and Albany to act. Here’s how.

Frequently Asked Questions

What changed on Richmond Rd and Ralph Pl?
According to NYC’s crash dataset, a driver making a left hit a man in the marked crosswalk at Richmond Rd and Ralph Pl; police recorded failure to yield by the driver. He suffered leg injuries. Source.
How bad is it here since 2022?
In this area, there have been 2 deaths and 640 injuries in traffic crashes since Jan 1, 2022. Totals come from NYC Open Data’s collisions tables. Source.
Where are the hotspots?
Manor Road has the most severe outcomes (one death and a serious injury). The Staten Island Expressway shows the most injuries. Richmond Road is also a frequent crash site. These findings come from NYC’s crash tables for this neighborhood. Source.
Who are my officials?
This area is represented by Council Member David M. Carr, Assembly Member Sam Pirozzolo, and State Senator Andrew Lanza. Vote records on speed cameras and the Stop Super Speeders Act are documented by Streetsblog NYC and Open States. Streetsblog NYC, S4045.
How were these numbers calculated?
We used NYC Open Data’s Motor Vehicle Collisions tables (Crashes, Persons, Vehicles). We filtered crashes to the Todt Hill–Emerson Hill–Lighthouse Hill–Manor Heights area and a date window from 2022-01-01 to 2025-09-23, then summed deaths and injuries across people walking, biking, and inside vehicles. Data were accessed on Sep 23, 2025. You can explore the source tables here.
What is CrashCount?
We’re a tool for helping hold local politicians and other actors accountable for their failure to protect you when you’re walking or cycling in NYC. We update our site constantly to provide you with up to date information on what’s happening in your neighborhood.

Citations

Citations

Other Representatives

Assembly Member Sam Pirozzolo

District 63

Twitter: @SamForNYC

Council Member David M. Carr

District 50

State Senator Andrew Lanza

District 24

Help Fix the Problem.

This address sits in

Traffic Safety Timeline for Todt Hill-Emerson Hill-Lighthouse Hill-Manor Heights

17
Driver making U-turn hits parked trailer

Sep 17 - On Kayla Ct in Staten Island, a 77-year-old BMW driver made a U-turn and hit a parked trailer. She suffered a chest abrasion and shock. Police recorded Other Vehicular as a factor.

A 77-year-old woman driving a BMW sedan made a U-turn on Kayla Ct in Staten Island and hit a parked trailer at 3:40 p.m. on Sept. 17, 2025. She was injured with a chest abrasion and was listed in shock. According to the police report, the driver was "Making U Turn" before impact and hit the trailer. Police recorded "Other Vehicular" as a contributing factor across involved parties. The trailer was parked. No pedestrians or cyclists were listed as injured.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4843297 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-10-02
13
Drivers in SUVs collide; seven injured

Sep 13 - Six passengers were hurt when two drivers in SUVs crashed at Westwood and Martin on Staten Island. A 62-year-old driver was also injured. According to the police report, drivers disregarded a traffic control and were distracted.

Two drivers in SUVs crashed at Westwood Avenue and Martin Avenue on Staten Island around 5:30 p.m., injuring six passengers and a 62-year-old driver. The southbound Dodge carried seven people; the westbound Ford carried one. According to the police report, contributing factors included “Traffic Control Disregarded” and “Driver Inattention/Distraction.” Police noted center front-end impact for both vehicles. Passenger injuries included bruises and pain to legs and neck; the injured driver reported whiplash. Several passengers were listed as conscious and not ejected. The other driver was recorded with unspecified injury. The record points to drivers ignoring a control and distraction, with passengers bearing the impact.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4846063 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-10-02
11
Northbound driver rear-ends SUV on Staten Island Expressway

Sep 11 - A northbound driver hit the back of another SUV on the Staten Island Expressway near Woolley Ave. The front driver, a 42-year-old woman, suffered whiplash. According to the police report, officers recorded eating or drinking by the drivers.

Two SUVs headed north on the Staten Island Expressway near Woolley Ave. One driver hit the back of the other while going straight. The front driver, a 42-year-old woman, reported neck pain and whiplash. The rear driver, a 53-year-old man, was not reported injured. According to the police report, “Eating or Drinking” was cited for both drivers. The report notes center front end damage on the rear SUV and center back end damage on the front SUV. Both drivers were licensed in New York.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4841948 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-10-02
2
Left-turn driver hits woman in Richmond Road crosswalk

Sep 2 - A left-turning sedan driver hit a 62-year-old woman in a marked crosswalk at Ralph Pl and Richmond Rd on Staten Island. Police recorded Failure to Yield Right-of-Way by the driver. She was injured and in pain.

A 57-year-old man driving a sedan turned left from Ralph Pl at Richmond Rd. He hit a 62-year-old woman in a marked crosswalk on Staten Island at 4:30 p.m. She was conscious and complained of pain. She was listed as injured, with injuries to her entire body. According to the police report, the driver was making a left turn and police recorded Failure to Yield Right-of-Way by the driver. The sedan was traveling south. The point of impact was the left front bumper. The vehicle showed no reported damage. The driver held a valid New York license.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4839598 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-10-02
30
Rear-end crash injures passenger

Aug 30 - Southbound sedans met metal on Richmond Hill Road at Old Mill. One car’s nose to another’s tail. The passenger took the hit. Neck whipped. Staten Island felt the jolt. Police flagged following too closely and other vehicular factors.

Two southbound sedans collided on Richmond Hill Road at Old Mill Road in Staten Island. One sedan struck the other from behind, injuring a 65-year-old front-seat passenger with whiplash. According to the police report, contributing factors were listed as “Other Vehicular” and “Following Too Closely.” The lead vehicle showed center back-end damage; the trailing car showed center front-end damage. Drivers, both male, reported no specified injuries. The data points to driver error: following too closely. “Other Vehicular” was also cited. No pedestrians or cyclists were involved. The impact fell hardest on the passenger, who bore the cost of a common rear-end crash on this corridor.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4838646 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-10-02
29
Parked sedan struck on Gannon Avenue

Aug 29 - A parked sedan took a hit on S Gannon Ave near Perry. Metal buckled at the left front. A woman driver was injured, conscious, bruised in the head. Another occupant listed with unspecified status. Staten Island street, another car’s force, and no answers why.

A parked sedan on S Gannon Ave at Perry Ave in Staten Island was struck, crumpling the left front quarter panel. One woman driver, age 42, was injured with a head contusion and was conscious. Another occupant was listed with unspecified injury status. According to the police report, the involved sedan was parked and the other vehicle was unspecified. The report lists no contributing factors, offering no stated driver errors such as Failure to Yield or Distraction. The impact location and parked status point to a driver striking a standing car, but the report does not identify a cause.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4838408 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-10-02
26
Unlicensed SUV slams turning Honda

Aug 26 - Two SUVs met on S Gannon. A Jeep going north plowed into a Honda turning right. Rear seats took the blow. A woman bled from the head. A toddler was hurt. Another passenger bruised. Police cite distraction. The danger was routine, and preventable.

Two SUVs collided at S Gannon Ave and Gansevoort Blvd on Staten Island. A northbound Jeep hit the back of an eastbound Honda that was making a right turn. A female rear passenger suffered a head injury, a 2-year-old rear passenger was injured, and another rear passenger had a shoulder bruise. According to the police report, the contributing factor was “Driver Inattention/Distraction.” The northbound Jeep’s driver was unlicensed. Driver errors included distraction and operating without a license. Only after those failures does the report note passenger equipment, including a child restraint for the injured toddler.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4837961 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-10-02
18
Rear-end chain on Staten Island Expressway

Aug 18 - Three westbound drivers slowed on the Staten Island Expressway. A following driver hit the car ahead and pushed it into the one in front. A 49-year-old man suffered whiplash and back pain. Police cited tailgating; one driver was unlicensed.

Three westbound drivers slowed on the Staten Island Expressway. A following driver hit the car ahead, transferring damage through the line. A 49-year-old male driver was injured, reporting whiplash and back pain. According to the police report, the contributing factor was "Following Too Closely." The report also lists "Brakes Defective" for the injured driver and notes an unlicensed driver among the involved motorists. Police recorded a rear-end chain with center front-end and center back-end damage to the vehicles. No pedestrians or cyclists were involved. The crash data names following too closely and defective brakes as the driver errors in this incident.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4835990 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-10-02
4
Oddo Orders Inspections After Harmful Neglect

Aug 4 - A hotel awning crashed down at Clark Street station. Years of leaks, rot, and stench warned locals. No one fixed it. The city let danger fester. Pedestrians faced the risk. No injuries, but trust is broken.

"Our NYC Buildings engineers are now on site conducting additional inspections of the collapsed awning, and a second similar awning at the building on Clark Street, which is showing similar signs of poor maintenance." -- James S. Oddo

On August 4, 2025, a hotel awning collapsed outside the Clark Street subway station in Brooklyn Heights. The incident, reported by Barbara Russo-Lennon and Lloyd Mitchell, followed 'years of visible disrepair, foul smells and water leaks.' Council Member Lincoln Restler confirmed no timeline for reopening. The Department of Buildings cited the owners for 'Failure to maintain' and ordered demolition. DOB Commissioner James Oddo said engineers are inspecting a second awning showing 'poor maintenance.' The collapse put pedestrians in harm's way. As safety analysts note, such failures in busy areas raise the risk of injury or death for vulnerable road users and discourage walking, undermining city safety goals.


1
Distracted Driver Ejects Cyclist on Manor Road

Aug 1 - A driver hit a bicyclist on Manor Road at Rockland Ave. The 40-year-old man was ejected and left with abrasions to his arm. He remained conscious. Police recorded driver inattention/distraction as a contributing factor.

A driver of a MERZ car/SUV was going straight and hit a bicyclist who was also going straight on Manor Road at Rockland Avenue in Staten Island. The bicyclist, a 40-year-old man, was ejected and suffered abrasions to his elbow, lower arm and hand. He remained conscious at the scene. According to the police report, 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' was listed as the contributing factor. Police recorded the bicyclist as injured. The report does not list other contributing factors.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4833208 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-10-02
29
Unlicensed Teen Motorcyclist Hits Parked SUV

Jul 29 - A 17-year-old driving a motorcycle hit a parked SUV outside 1060 Willowbrook Road in Staten Island. A 16-year-old passenger was hurt. Both suffered head injuries. Police recorded driver inattention and inexperience.

A 17-year-old unlicensed male drove a motorcycle east on Willowbrook Road and hit the back of a parked SUV outside 1060 Willowbrook Road in Staten Island. He carried a 16-year-old male passenger. Both teens suffered head contusions. The SUV was parked and unoccupied. According to the police report, 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' and 'Driver Inexperience' contributed to the crash. Police list the driver as unlicensed. Impact ran to the motorcycle's front and the SUV's rear. Both were conscious. No other injuries were reported.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4833975 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-10-02
23
Driver in Nissan Hits Parked Toyota, Passenger Hurt

Jul 23 - Two sedans collided on Bradley Ave. A 73‑year‑old man reported chest pain. A young female passenger suffered a knee and lower‑leg contusion. Police recorded "Driver Inattention/Distraction." The parked Toyota took damage to its left rear; the moving Nissan hit at its right front.

A moving Nissan struck the left rear quarter of a parked Toyota on Bradley Avenue. A 73‑year‑old man reported chest pain and a young female front passenger suffered a contusion to her knee and lower leg. According to the police report, "Driver Inattention/Distraction" was listed as a contributing factor. Police recorded damage to the Toyota's left rear quarter panel and the Nissan's right front quarter panel. The report also notes injured occupants wore lap belts and harnesses. No pedestrians were involved. The data does not list other contributing factors or sequence details.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4829913 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-10-02
23
SUV Driver Injured on Staten Island Expressway

Jul 23 - A 62-year-old man driving an SUV on the Staten Island Expressway was injured when his vehicle's right front bumper was struck. Police recorded "Reaction to Uninvolved Vehicle." He complained of chest pain and remained conscious.

The driver of an SUV, 62, was injured when the vehicle's right front bumper was struck while traveling east on the Staten Island Expressway. According to the police report, the crash was caused by "Reaction to Uninvolved Vehicle." The driver sustained a chest injury and was conscious at the scene. Police listed no pedestrians or cyclists involved. The report records the contributing factor as "Reaction to Uninvolved Vehicle" and lists no other driver errors or additional contributing factors in the report.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4829809 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-10-02
13
Teen E-Scooter Rider Killed In Crash

Jul 13 - A 16-year-old on an e-scooter died after a collision with a Hyundai in Staten Island. Head trauma proved fatal. Police are investigating. The driver stayed at the scene. No arrests. Another scooter death followed days later.

The Brooklyn Paper (2025-07-13) reports a fatal crash on June 29 in Staten Island. Sixteen-year-old Nacere Ellis, riding an electric scooter, collided with a westbound Hyundai Tucson. The article states, 'Ellis suffered head trauma as a result of the crash.' The 79-year-old driver remained at the scene. NYPD’s Collision Investigation Squad is reviewing the case. No charges have been filed. The report notes a similar fatal scooter crash days earlier in Queens. The incidents highlight ongoing risks for micromobility users and the need for systemic safety measures.


6
Motorcyclist Dies In Staten Island K-Turn Crash

Jul 6 - A car turned across Bay Street. The motorcycle struck the door. Jeremy Claudio died. The driver stayed. No arrests. The street stayed open. The city counted another loss.

According to amny (2025-07-06), Jeremy Claudio, 34, died after his motorcycle hit the driver-side door of a Toyota Rav 4 making a K-turn on Bay Street, Staten Island. Police said the driver was "making a K-turn from the northbound lane... into its southbound lane when the collision occurred." The driver remained at the scene and was uninjured. No arrests were made. The NYPD Collision Investigation Squad is investigating. The crash highlights risks when drivers turn across traffic, especially on busy city streets.


3
Distracted Drivers Collide on Rockland Avenue

Jul 3 - Two cars met on Rockland Avenue. Both drivers distracted. One woman hurt, pain in her abdomen. Metal untouched, but bodies not spared.

Two vehicles, a sedan and an SUV, collided on Rockland Avenue at Forest Hill Road. According to the police report, both drivers were distracted at the time of the crash. One woman, age 35, suffered abdominal injuries and whiplash. Three others, including another driver and two passengers, were listed with unspecified injuries. The report cites 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as the main contributing factor. No vehicle damage was reported, but the impact left its mark on the people inside.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4825500 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-10-02
30
Int 0857-2024 Carr votes yes to remove abandoned vehicles, boosting street safety.

Jun 30 - Council orders swift removal of abandoned, derelict cars. Streets clear in 72 hours. No plates, no stickers, no excuses. Police and sanitation must act. Safer crossings for all who walk, ride, or wait.

Bill Int 0857-2024, now at the Mayor's desk, passed the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and full Council on June 30, 2025. The bill, titled "A Local Law to amend the administrative code...in relation to vehicles reported as abandoned to the department of sanitation," requires the Department of Sanitation to remove derelict vehicles within 72 hours of report. The NYPD must tow cars lacking valid plates or stickers. Prime sponsor Selvena N. Brooks-Powers led, joined by Crystal Hudson, Amanda Farías, Lincoln Restler, and others. The law targets street hazards, clearing blocked sightlines and crosswalks. It aims to cut risks for pedestrians and cyclists by removing abandoned vehicles fast.


23
Lanza Opposes Safety-Boosting Speed Camera Program Reauthorization

Jun 23 - Eleven city lawmakers voted no on speed cameras. Their votes keep streets exposed. Pedestrians and cyclists lose a shield. Reckless drivers win. The city’s most basic defense—rejected. The toll will be measured in blood, not words.

On June 13 and June 17, 2025, the New York State Senate and Assembly voted on reauthorizing New York City's school zone speed camera program. The Senate passed the measure 38-21; three city senators—Stephen Chan, Andrew Lanza, Jessica Scarcella-Spanton—voted no. The Assembly passed it 110-31, with nine city lawmakers—Alec Brook-Krasny, Lester Chang, Simcha Eichenstein, Michael Novakhov, Stacey Pheffer Amato, Sam Pirozzolo, Michael Reilly, David Weprin, Kalman Yeger—opposing. The Streetsblog NYC article, 'Ye Shall Know Their Names! Meet the Dirty Dozen City Pols Who Voted Against Speed Camera Program,' quotes lawmakers dismissing speed cameras as revenue grabs or burdens. The safety analyst notes: 'The event text does not describe a specific policy or legislative action, so no direct safety impact on pedestrians and cyclists can be assessed.' Still, the votes signal disregard for proven tools that protect those outside cars.


23
Pirozzolo Criticizes Safety Boosting Speed Camera Program

Jun 23 - Eleven city lawmakers voted no on speed cameras. Their votes keep streets exposed. Pedestrians and cyclists lose a shield. Reckless drivers win. The city’s most basic defense—rejected. The toll will be measured in blood, not words.

On June 13 and June 17, 2025, the New York State Senate and Assembly voted on reauthorizing New York City's school zone speed camera program. The Senate passed the measure 38-21; three city senators—Stephen Chan, Andrew Lanza, Jessica Scarcella-Spanton—voted no. The Assembly passed it 110-31, with nine city lawmakers—Alec Brook-Krasny, Lester Chang, Simcha Eichenstein, Michael Novakhov, Stacey Pheffer Amato, Sam Pirozzolo, Michael Reilly, David Weprin, Kalman Yeger—opposing. The Streetsblog NYC article, 'Ye Shall Know Their Names! Meet the Dirty Dozen City Pols Who Voted Against Speed Camera Program,' quotes lawmakers dismissing speed cameras as revenue grabs or burdens. The safety analyst notes: 'The event text does not describe a specific policy or legislative action, so no direct safety impact on pedestrians and cyclists can be assessed.' Still, the votes signal disregard for proven tools that protect those outside cars.


22
Drunk Unlicensed Driver Kills Moped Rider

Jun 22 - A moped slammed into a car’s door in Bay Ridge. The rider died. His passenger broke bones. The driver was drunk, unlicensed, and arrested. The street stayed quiet after the crash. Another life lost to reckless driving.

NY Daily News reported on June 22, 2025, that Joel Mota, 22, died after his moped struck the passenger-side door of a 2013 Acura TSX at Third Ave and 67th St in Brooklyn. The crash happened at 4:45 a.m. Police said the car’s driver, Leslie Moreno, was intoxicated and unlicensed. Mota’s passenger suffered multiple fractures. The article notes, 'Police arrested the Acura driver, 29-year-old Leslie Moreno, for driving while intoxicated, driving while ability impaired, and being unlicensed.' Moreno was arraigned and released without bail. The case highlights the ongoing risk posed by impaired, unlicensed drivers on city streets.