Crash Count for Brooklyn CB9
Crashes: Collisions involving cars, bikes, and pedestrians. 4,249
All Injuries: Any injury from a reported crash. 2,559
Moderate: Broken bones, concussions, and other serious injuries. 528
Serious: Life-altering injuries: amputations, paralysis, severe trauma. 37
Deaths: Lives lost to traffic violence. 10
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Oct 31, 2025
Carnage in CB 309
Detailed breakdowns aren’t yet available for this year slice; totals below reflect the selected window.
Killed 10
+1
Crush Injuries 16
Lower leg/foot 5
Head 3
Back 2
Lower arm/hand 2
Neck 2
Face 1
Whole body 1
Severe Bleeding 5
Head 5
Severe Lacerations 12
Face 5
Head 3
Lower leg/foot 3
Lower arm/hand 1
Concussion 12
Head 7
+2
Lower arm/hand 2
Whole body 2
Back 1
Neck 1
Whiplash 72
Back 27
+22
Neck 26
+21
Head 15
+10
Chest 3
Shoulder/upper arm 3
Face 2
Whole body 2
Contusion/Bruise 147
Lower leg/foot 56
+51
Back 18
+13
Lower arm/hand 18
+13
Head 14
+9
Hip/upper leg 10
+5
Face 9
+4
Neck 8
+3
Shoulder/upper arm 8
+3
Whole body 5
Chest 3
Abdomen/pelvis 2
Eye 1
Abrasion 79
Lower leg/foot 25
+20
Lower arm/hand 21
+16
Head 11
+6
Face 10
+5
Hip/upper leg 4
Whole body 4
Back 2
Shoulder/upper arm 2
Chest 1
Neck 1
Pain/Nausea 36
Lower leg/foot 8
+3
Back 7
+2
Head 6
+1
Whole body 6
+1
Chest 3
Face 3
Neck 3
Hip/upper leg 2
Shoulder/upper arm 2
Lower arm/hand 1
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Oct 31, 2025

Who’s Injuring and Killing Pedestrians in CB 309?

Preventable Speeding in CB 309 School Zones

(since 2022)
Before dawn on Eastern Parkway, a woman died. The pattern is older than the night.

Before dawn on Eastern Parkway, a woman died. The pattern is older than the night.

Brooklyn CB9: Jan 1, 2022 - Sep 27, 2025

Just after 5 AM on Sep 19, 2025, a 69‑year‑old woman walking near Eastern Parkway and Schenectady Avenue was hit and killed; police records note “view obstructed/limited” and an “oversized vehicle” in the crash report (NYC Open Data).

She was one of 10 people killed on Brooklyn Community Board 9 streets since Jan 1, 2022; 2,503 more were injured in 4,158 crashes, with 37 serious injuries recorded (NYC Open Data). Pedestrians account for 7 of the 10 deaths here, and 451 injuries (NYC Open Data).

This Month

  • Sep 15: on Bedford Avenue at Fenimore Street, a driver in a BMW sedan passed southbound and injured a 32‑year‑old person on a bike (NYC Open Data).
  • Sep 7: at Troy Avenue and Maple Street, police recorded failure to yield by the driver of an SUV; a 28‑year‑old pedestrian was injured at the intersection (NYC Open Data).
  • Sep 3: at East New York Avenue and Schenectady Avenue, police recorded failure to yield by a sedan driver; a 37‑year‑old pedestrian was injured in the crosswalk (NYC Open Data).

The corridor keeps taking

Eastern Parkway is a repeating wound: 4 deaths and 309 injuries along its length in this district, the worst in the local rankings we analyzed (NYC Open Data). Utica Avenue and Nostrand Avenue also sit high on the board for harm (NYC Open Data).

Crashes cluster in the evening. The city’s own tallies here show deaths recorded around 6–8 PM, and again at 8 PM; one more before dawn at 5 AM—the hour of the woman killed at Eastern Parkway and Schenectady (NYC Open Data).

Police repeatedly log driver actions we can fix: failure to yield and inattention/distraction both appear in the district’s crash records and serious injuries (NYC Open Data).

What protects a crosswalk

Daylighting saves sightlines. A Council bill would ban standing or parking within 20 feet of crosswalks and require DOT to install barriers at 1,000 intersections a year. Council Member Rita C. Joseph is a co‑sponsor (NYC Council Legistar).

Protected turns and head starts keep people alive where drivers fail to yield. Target these to Eastern Parkway, Utica Avenue, and Nostrand Avenue. Use the crash maps already on file.

The worst drivers, the strongest tools

Albany has a bill to force speed limiters on repeat violators. The Stop Super Speeders Act—Senate file S 4045—would require intelligent speed assistance for drivers who rack up violations. State Senator Zellnor Myrie is listed as a co‑sponsor; he was marked “excused” on two June committee votes (Open States).

On a bike ride in Brooklyn, Myrie said, “We should be making this as easy as possible and as safe as possible for as many people as possible” (Streetsblog NYC). The street numbers here show what that promise must mean.

What must happen now

  • Daylight the corners. Pass and fund Int 1138‑2024, then build the barriers on the worst blocks first (NYC Council Legistar).
  • Slow every car by default. Use the city’s authority to lower speeds on local streets.
  • Stop repeat speeders. Pass S 4045 and install the limiters on the cars that keep showing up in the data.

The woman killed before dawn is not coming home. The map already points to the next one. Take a step that stops it. Start here: take action with us.

Frequently Asked Questions

What changed on Eastern Parkway this month?
On Sep 19, 2025, a 69‑year‑old woman was killed near Eastern Parkway and Schenectady Avenue. Police records cite “view obstructed/limited” and an “oversized vehicle” in the crash report. Source: NYC Open Data’s Crashes table.
How bad is traffic violence here?
From Jan 1, 2022 to Sep 27, 2025, Brooklyn CB9 saw 4,158 crashes, 2,503 injuries, 37 serious injuries, and 10 deaths. Pedestrians account for 7 of the 10 deaths and 451 injuries. Source: NYC Open Data’s Crashes and Persons tables.
Where are the worst spots?
Eastern Parkway leads local harm with 4 deaths and 309 injuries recorded in this district; Utica Avenue and Nostrand Avenue are also high. Source: NYC Open Data’s Persons table, filtered to Brooklyn CB9.
Who represents this area and what have they done?
Council Member Rita C. Joseph co‑sponsors Int 1138‑2024 to daylight crosswalks. State Senator Zellnor Myrie is listed as a co‑sponsor of S 4045 to require speed limiters for repeat violators and was marked “excused” on two June committee votes. Sources: NYC Council Legistar; Open States S 4045 file; Streetsblog NYC.
How were these numbers calculated?
We used NYC Open Data’s Motor Vehicle Collisions datasets—Crashes (h9gi‑nx95), Persons (f55k‑p6yu), and Vehicles (bm4k‑52h4)—filtered for Brooklyn Community Board 9 and the period Jan 1, 2022–Sep 27, 2025. We counted crashes, injuries, serious injuries, and fatalities, and reviewed police‑recorded contributing factors. Data were accessed Sep 27, 2025. Source tables are linked here.
What is CrashCount?
We’re a tool for helping hold local politicians and other actors accountable for their failure to protect you when you’re walking or cycling in NYC. We update our site constantly to provide you with up to date information on what’s happening in your neighborhood.

Citations

Citations

Other Representatives

Assembly Member Brian Cunningham

District 43

Council Member Rita C. Joseph

District 40

State Senator Zellnor Myrie

District 20

Other Geographies

Brooklyn CB9 Brooklyn Community Board 9 sits in Brooklyn, Precinct 71, District 40, AD 43, SD 20.

It contains Crown Heights (South), Prospect Lefferts Gardens-Wingate.

See also
Boroughs
City Council Districts
State_assembly_districts
State Senate Districts

Traffic Safety Timeline for Brooklyn Community Board 9

19
SUV Door Strikes Motorcyclist on Winthrop

Jun 19 - A speeding SUV opened its door into a passing motorcycle. The rider was ejected, face bloodied. Police cite failure to yield and unsafe speed. Streets remain hostile. Metal meets flesh. Riders pay.

A station wagon/SUV struck a motorcycle on Winthrop Street near Flatbush Avenue in Brooklyn. According to the police report, the SUV's right side doors hit the motorcycle as it traveled straight ahead. The 26-year-old motorcyclist was ejected and suffered facial abrasions. Police list 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' and 'Unsafe Speed' as contributing factors. Driver inattention and distraction are also noted. The motorcyclist was wearing a helmet, as recorded in the report. No pedestrians were involved. The crash left one person injured and exposed the ongoing danger for vulnerable road users.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4823565 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-04
19
Sedan Fails to Yield, Ejects Scooter Rider

Jun 19 - A sedan struck a standing scooter on Albany Ave. The rider, ejected and hurt, wore a helmet. Police cite failure to yield. The driver held only a permit.

A sedan and a standing scooter collided on Albany Ave at E New York Ave in Brooklyn. The 18-year-old male scooter rider was ejected and injured across his entire body. He wore a helmet. According to the police report, 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' was a contributing factor. The sedan driver, a 34-year-old woman with a permit, was not reported injured. The crash highlights driver error as the cause. Helmet use is noted only for the injured scooter rider.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4822533 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-04
19
Sedan Ignores Signal, Strikes Cyclist on New York Ave

Jun 19 - A sedan hit a cyclist at New York Ave and Crown St. The cyclist, ejected and bruised, suffered leg injuries. Police cite traffic control disregarded. System failed to protect the rider.

A sedan traveling west on New York Ave struck a northbound cyclist at Crown St in Brooklyn. The 29-year-old cyclist was ejected and suffered knee and foot injuries. According to the police report, the crash involved 'Traffic Control Disregarded.' The cyclist was listed as having no safety equipment. The driver’s actions, as cited by police, led to the collision. No injuries were reported for the sedan occupants. The system left the cyclist exposed and injured.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4822765 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-04
19
Myrie Supports Safer Streets in Mayoral Rankings Reveal

Jun 19 - Streetsblog gathered street-safety leaders. They ranked mayoral candidates by their promises for safer streets. No council action. No new law. Just a sharp look at who stands with people, not cars. The city’s future rides on these choices.

On June 19, 2025, Streetsblog NYC published 'Streetsblog Celebrities Reveal Their Mayoral Rankings!' The article asked, 'Who did the legends of the livable streets movement rank for mayor?' and used a ranked-choice simulator to show results. No council bill, vote, or committee action took place. No council members were involved. Instead, advocates like Zohran Mamdani, Brad Lander, Zellnor Myrie, Adrienne Adams, Michael Blake, and Scott Stringer ranked candidates based on their records and promises for safer streets. Streetsblog made no endorsements. According to safety analysts, this event did not create any policy or legislative change for pedestrian or cyclist safety. It simply revealed which candidates street-safety advocates trust to protect vulnerable road users.


17
S 8344 Cunningham misses committee vote on school speed zone safety bill.

Jun 17 - Senate passes S 8344. School speed zone rules in New York City get extended. Lawmakers make technical fixes. The bill keeps pressure on drivers near schools. Streets stay a little safer for kids.

Bill S 8344, titled 'Extends provisions and makes technical corrections to school speed zones in NYC; repealer,' moved through the Senate and Assembly in June 2025. Sponsored by Senator Andrew Gounardes, the bill passed Senate votes on June 12 and June 13, and cleared the Assembly on June 17. The measure extends and corrects school speed zone laws in New York City, repealing outdated provisions. Gounardes led the push, with strong support from most Senate Democrats and a split Assembly. The bill's technical fixes aim to keep protections in place for children and other vulnerable road users near schools. No safety analyst note was provided.


16
S 7678 Cunningham votes yes to expand school speed cameras, boosting pedestrian safety.

Jun 16 - White Plains gets speed cameras near schools. Lawmakers move fast. Most vote yes. Cameras catch drivers who endanger kids. Program ends 2030. Streets may slow. Danger faces children every day.

Senate Bill S 7678, sponsored by Shelley Mayer, establishes a school speed zone camera demonstration program in White Plains. The bill passed the Senate on June 11, 2025, and the Assembly on June 16, 2025. The matter reads: 'Establishes a school speed zone camera demonstration program in the city of White Plains; repeals authorization of program December 31, 2030.' Mayer led the push. Most senators and assembly members voted yes. The bill aims to catch speeding drivers near schools, a known threat to children and families. No safety analyst note was provided.


16
S 7785 Cunningham votes yes to weaken bus rules, increasing pedestrian and cyclist risk.

Jun 16 - Senate passed S 7785. The bill carves out large Mitchell-Lama housing from bus traffic rules. Lawmakers voted yes. The carve-out weakens enforcement. Streets grow less safe for people on foot and bike.

Bill S 7785, titled 'Relates to bus operation-related traffic regulations,' passed the Senate and Assembly in June 2025. The measure, sponsored by Senator Jamaal Bailey, excludes violations in cooperative housing developments with at least 10,000 Mitchell-Lama units from bus operation traffic regulations. The bill advanced through committee and received broad support in both chambers. By exempting these large complexes, the law weakens traffic enforcement where thousands live. This move increases risk to pedestrians and cyclists, stripping away protections that save lives. Vulnerable road users lose another layer of safety in dense city streets.


16
Myrie Opposes Reckless Driving and Illegal Parking by Officials

Jun 16 - Andrew Cuomo’s car got two more speed-camera tickets. That makes four in three months. Each violation happened near Brooklyn schools. Cuomo’s team paid the fines. Leaders who speed endanger walkers and riders. Streets stay deadly when the powerful ignore the law.

On June 16, 2025, Streetsblog NYC reported that former Governor Andrew Cuomo’s car received two new speed-camera tickets, bringing the total to four in three months. The article states: "The car is driven by multiple people, all of whom have been reminded to obey the speed limit, and there are no outstanding tickets." Cuomo’s spokesperson, Esther Jensen, noted his past support for speed cameras. Mayoral rival Brad Lander and Assemblymember Zohran Mamdani criticized Cuomo’s record, calling his driving 'reckless and unlawful.' Zellnor Myrie’s spokesperson, Julia Rose, said Cuomo acts above the law. The safety analyst notes: this event describes an individual's driving and parking behavior but does not constitute a policy change or legislation affecting population-level safety for pedestrians and cyclists.


16
Zellnor Myrie Supports Safety Boosting Bike Lanes Congestion Pricing

Jun 16 - State Senator Zellnor Myrie biked Brooklyn streets with reporter Dave Colon. He saw blocked lanes, heavy traffic, and real risk. Myrie called out the dangers for new cyclists. He backed safer bike lanes and fewer cars. The ride changed nothing systemic.

On June 16, 2025, State Senator Zellnor Myrie joined reporter Dave Colon for a bike ride through Brooklyn, as covered by Streetsblog NYC. The event was not a formal bill or committee action, but a public statement on street safety. Myrie said, "We should be making this as easy as possible and as safe as possible for as many people as possible." He highlighted blocked bike lanes, rising injuries, and the lack of protected infrastructure. Myrie voiced support for congestion pricing, safer streets, and reducing car dependency. The safety impact is neutral: a senator riding a bike is symbolic and does not directly change safety outcomes for pedestrians or cyclists.


15
Sedan Strikes E-Bike on Utica Avenue

Jun 15 - A sedan hit an e-bike rider on Utica Avenue. The cyclist was ejected and suffered a fractured leg. Police cite failure to yield and driver inattention. The crash left the rider conscious but hurt.

A sedan collided with a 49-year-old e-bike rider at Utica Avenue and Crown Street in Brooklyn. The cyclist, who was ejected and injured in the leg, suffered a fracture and dislocation. According to the police report, the crash was caused by 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' and 'Driver Inattention/Distraction.' The cyclist was wearing a helmet. The impact came as the sedan started from parking and struck the e-bike, which was traveling straight. No other injuries were reported.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4822761 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-04
13
SUV Fails to Yield, Ejects Rider on Rogers Ave

Jun 13 - An SUV struck a standing scooter on Rogers Ave. The impact ejected a 21-year-old rider, injuring his face. Police cite failure to yield. Streets remain dangerous for those outside steel shells.

A crash on Rogers Ave at Eastern Parkway in Brooklyn involved a station wagon/SUV and a standing scooter. The 21-year-old scooter rider was ejected and suffered facial injuries. According to the police report, 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' was a contributing factor. The report also lists 'Pedestrian/Bicyclist/Other Pedestrian Error/Confusion.' The SUV was making a right turn when it struck the scooter, which was traveling straight. No injuries were reported for the SUV occupants. The crash highlights the risk faced by vulnerable road users in city traffic.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4821761 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-04
13
Adams Removes Bedford Avenue Bike Barriers

Jun 13 - City strips protection from Bedford Avenue bike lane. Cyclists lose shield. Children dart from double-parked cars. Community complaints drive policy. Streets stay chaotic. Power struggles linger. Riders and walkers face new risk. Steel yields to politics.

Gothamist reported on June 13, 2025, that Mayor Eric Adams ordered the removal of protective barriers from a stretch of Brooklyn’s Bedford Avenue bike lane. The move follows complaints from local residents, especially after a viral video showed a child running into the lane from a double-parked car and colliding with an e-bike. Adams stated, 'we listened to community concerns and decided to adjust the current design to better reflect community feedback.' The Department of Transportation will revert the protected lane to its previous unprotected state between Willoughby and Flushing avenues. The article highlights ongoing political battles over street design and notes that double-parking and chaotic traffic remain unaddressed. Deputy Mayor Randy Mastro cited 'lack of action' on e-bike safety as a barrier to safer infrastructure. The decision removes a key safety measure for vulnerable road users.


13
S 5677 Cunningham votes yes on school speed cameras, boosting safety for children.

Jun 13 - Lawmakers back speed cameras near Schenectady schools. The bill passed both chambers. Cameras catch drivers who endanger kids. The program ends in 2030. Streets near schools may get safer. The vote was not unanimous.

Senate Bill S 5677, titled 'Establishes a school speed zone camera demonstration program in the city of Schenectady,' moved through the Senate and Assembly in June 2025. The Senate passed it on June 12, with primary sponsor James Tedisco (District 44) and co-sponsor Patricia Fahy (District 46) leading the push. The Assembly approved it on June 13. The bill sets up automated speed enforcement near schools and sunsets December 31, 2030. The measure aims to catch speeding drivers near children. Some lawmakers voted no, but most supported the move. No formal safety analyst note was provided, but the bill targets a known danger zone for vulnerable road users.


13
S 6815 Cunningham votes yes to exempt some employees from bus lane rules.

Jun 13 - Senate and Assembly clear S 6815. MTA workers get a pass for driving in bus lanes while on duty. Law shields agency vehicles from tickets. Streets grow more crowded. Vulnerable users face more risk.

Bill S 6815, titled 'Relates to bus lane restrictions in New York city,' passed the Senate on June 12, 2025, and the Assembly on June 13, 2025. The bill states, 'it shall be a defense to any prosecution for a violation of a bus lane restriction ... when an employee of the metropolitan transportation authority is performing authorized duties.' Sponsored by Senator Leroy Comrie and co-sponsored by Nathalia Fernandez, the measure exempts MTA employees from bus lane tickets while working. No safety analysis was provided. The bill opens bus lanes to more agency vehicles, crowding space meant for buses, cyclists, and pedestrians.


13
S 8344 Myrie misses committee vote on school speed zone safety bill.

Jun 13 - Senate passes S 8344. School speed zone rules in New York City get extended. Lawmakers make technical fixes. The bill keeps pressure on drivers near schools. Streets stay a little safer for kids.

Bill S 8344, titled 'Extends provisions and makes technical corrections to school speed zones in NYC; repealer,' moved through the Senate and Assembly in June 2025. Sponsored by Senator Andrew Gounardes, the bill passed Senate votes on June 12 and June 13, and cleared the Assembly on June 17. The measure extends and corrects school speed zone laws in New York City, repealing outdated provisions. Gounardes led the push, with strong support from most Senate Democrats and a split Assembly. The bill's technical fixes aim to keep protections in place for children and other vulnerable road users near schools. No safety analyst note was provided.


12
Tow Truck Rear-Ends Sedan on Schenectady Ave

Jun 12 - Tow truck struck sedan’s rear on Schenectady Ave. Two passengers injured. Police cite following too closely. Metal, glass, pain. Brooklyn night, no room for error.

A tow truck hit the back of a sedan on Schenectady Ave in Brooklyn. Two people in the sedan were injured: a 35-year-old male driver suffered arm injuries and a 62-year-old male front passenger reported back pain and whiplash. According to the police report, the crash was caused by 'Following Too Closely.' Both vehicles were traveling east. No pedestrians or cyclists were involved. The report lists no other contributing factors before noting the use of seat belts by those injured.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4820030 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-11-04
12
S 6815 Myrie is excused from committee vote on bus lane exemptions.

Jun 12 - Senate and Assembly clear S 6815. MTA workers get a pass for driving in bus lanes while on duty. Law shields agency vehicles from tickets. Streets grow more crowded. Vulnerable users face more risk.

Bill S 6815, titled 'Relates to bus lane restrictions in New York city,' passed the Senate on June 12, 2025, and the Assembly on June 13, 2025. The bill states, 'it shall be a defense to any prosecution for a violation of a bus lane restriction ... when an employee of the metropolitan transportation authority is performing authorized duties.' Sponsored by Senator Leroy Comrie and co-sponsored by Nathalia Fernandez, the measure exempts MTA employees from bus lane tickets while working. No safety analysis was provided. The bill opens bus lanes to more agency vehicles, crowding space meant for buses, cyclists, and pedestrians.


12
S 4045 Myrie misses committee vote on bill improving road safety for all.

Jun 12 - Senate backs S 4045. Repeat speeders face forced installation of speed assistance tech. Eleven points or six camera tickets triggers action. Law targets reckless drivers. Streets may get safer for those outside the car.

Senate bill S 4045, sponsored by Andrew Gounardes and co-sponsored by over two dozen senators, passed committee votes on June 11 and June 12, 2025. The bill, titled 'Relates to requiring the installation of intelligent speed assistance devices for repeated violation of maximum speed limits,' mandates these devices for drivers who rack up eleven or more points in 24 months, or six speed or red light camera tickets in a year. The measure aims to curb repeat dangerous driving. Senators including Jamaal Bailey, Jabari Brisport, and others voted yes. The bill targets drivers with a pattern of violations, seeking to cut risk for pedestrians and cyclists by limiting repeat speeding.


12
S 5677 Myrie misses committee vote on bill improving school zone safety.

Jun 12 - Lawmakers back speed cameras near Schenectady schools. The bill passed both chambers. Cameras catch drivers who endanger kids. The program ends in 2030. Streets near schools may get safer. The vote was not unanimous.

Senate Bill S 5677, titled 'Establishes a school speed zone camera demonstration program in the city of Schenectady,' moved through the Senate and Assembly in June 2025. The Senate passed it on June 12, with primary sponsor James Tedisco (District 44) and co-sponsor Patricia Fahy (District 46) leading the push. The Assembly approved it on June 13. The bill sets up automated speed enforcement near schools and sunsets December 31, 2030. The measure aims to catch speeding drivers near children. Some lawmakers voted no, but most supported the move. No formal safety analyst note was provided, but the bill targets a known danger zone for vulnerable road users.


12
S 5677 Myrie misses committee vote on bill improving school zone safety.

Jun 12 - Lawmakers back speed cameras near Schenectady schools. The bill passed both chambers. Cameras catch drivers who endanger kids. The program ends in 2030. Streets near schools may get safer. The vote was not unanimous.

Senate Bill S 5677, titled 'Establishes a school speed zone camera demonstration program in the city of Schenectady,' moved through the Senate and Assembly in June 2025. The Senate passed it on June 12, with primary sponsor James Tedisco (District 44) and co-sponsor Patricia Fahy (District 46) leading the push. The Assembly approved it on June 13. The bill sets up automated speed enforcement near schools and sunsets December 31, 2030. The measure aims to catch speeding drivers near children. Some lawmakers voted no, but most supported the move. No formal safety analyst note was provided, but the bill targets a known danger zone for vulnerable road users.