Crash Count for Manhattan CB11
Crashes: Collisions involving cars, bikes, and pedestrians. 6,245
All Injuries: Any injury from a reported crash. 3,228
Moderate: Broken bones, concussions, and other serious injuries. 905
Serious: Life-altering injuries: amputations, paralysis, severe trauma. 39
Deaths: Lives lost to traffic violence. 14
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Sep 15, 2025
Carnage in CB 111
Killed 14
+2
Crush Injuries 9
Lower leg/foot 3
Whole body 3
Lower arm/hand 2
Head 1
Amputation 1
Neck 1
Severe Bleeding 20
Head 13
+8
Shoulder/upper arm 2
Whole body 2
Face 1
Lower arm/hand 1
Lower leg/foot 1
Severe Lacerations 7
Head 4
Lower leg/foot 2
Lower arm/hand 1
Concussion 28
Head 21
+16
Face 4
Lower leg/foot 1
Neck 1
Shoulder/upper arm 1
Whiplash 145
Neck 59
+54
Back 42
+37
Head 21
+16
Whole body 19
+14
Lower leg/foot 7
+2
Chest 6
+1
Shoulder/upper arm 4
Lower arm/hand 2
Abdomen/pelvis 1
Hip/upper leg 1
Contusion/Bruise 182
Lower leg/foot 70
+65
Head 23
+18
Lower arm/hand 23
+18
Shoulder/upper arm 18
+13
Face 13
+8
Hip/upper leg 12
+7
Back 10
+5
Whole body 10
+5
Abdomen/pelvis 5
Neck 4
Abrasion 139
Lower leg/foot 56
+51
Lower arm/hand 22
+17
Head 17
+12
Face 12
+7
Back 8
+3
Shoulder/upper arm 8
+3
Neck 5
Whole body 4
Abdomen/pelvis 3
Chest 2
Eye 2
Hip/upper leg 2
Pain/Nausea 92
Head 18
+13
Lower leg/foot 17
+12
Whole body 15
+10
Back 14
+9
Neck 14
+9
Shoulder/upper arm 12
+7
Lower arm/hand 6
+1
Chest 4
Hip/upper leg 3
Abdomen/pelvis 2
Face 2
Eye 1
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Sep 15, 2025

Who’s Injuring and Killing Pedestrians in Manhattan CB11?

Preventable Speeding in CB 111 School Zones

(since 2022)
Seven Dead in Silence: Manhattan Streets Are Killing Fields

Seven Dead in Silence: Manhattan Streets Are Killing Fields

Manhattan CB11: Jan 1, 2022 - Aug 7, 2025

The Toll in Blood and Silence

Seven dead. Eight hundred seventy-nine injured. Ten left with wounds that will never heal. That is the cost of traffic violence in Manhattan CB11 in the last twelve months. The numbers do not flinch. They do not care about hope or promises. They only count the bodies.

Just this year, two people were killed on the streets. Five hundred forty-one were hurt. Serious injuries doubled compared to last year. The disaster does not come all at once. It comes in the slow grind of crashes—1,015 so far this year, up 46% from last year (NYC Open Data).

The Names Behind the Numbers

A man, 53, was crushed by an SUV on Harlem River Drive. He died in the dark hours of January. A 66-year-old man was killed on 5th Avenue near 135th Street. A 35-year-old woman, a passenger on a motorcycle, died on East 106th. The road does not care about age or reason. It only takes.

The Voices of the Street

Residents see the danger. They speak, but the city moves slow. “No one stops at these stop signs. We see people go through these red lights all the time,” said a woman named Nita after a cyclist was struck nearby. Another man said, “The crowding and the traffic signals are a problem.”

What Leaders Have Done—and Not Done

Council Member Diana Ayala has co-sponsored a bill to ban parking near crosswalks, aiming to clear sightlines and protect those on foot. She has voted for pavement markings and transparency bills. But the carnage continues. Most deaths happen on streets without real protection.

Senator Jose Serrano voted yes on the Stop Super Speeders Act, a bill to force repeat speeders to install devices that keep them from breaking the limit. Assembly Member Eddie Gibbs voted to extend school speed zones. These are steps, but they are not enough. The dead cannot wait for another study.

The Next Step Is Yours

Call your council member. Call your senator. Demand a 20 mph speed limit. Demand protected bike lanes. Demand daylight at every crosswalk.

Do not wait for another name to be added to the list.

Frequently Asked Questions

Where does Manhattan CB11 sit politically?
It belongs to borough Manhattan, city council district District 8, assembly district AD 68 and state senate district SD 29.
Which areas are in Manhattan CB11?
It includes the East Harlem (South), East Harlem (North), and Randall’S Island neighborhoods. It also overlaps parts of Council Districts District 8 and District 9, Assembly District AD 68, and State Senate Districts SD 29 and SD 30.
What types of vehicles caused injuries and deaths to pedestrians in Manhattan CB11?
Cars and Trucks: 9 deaths, 412 injuries (cars, SUVs, trucks, buses). Motorcycles and Mopeds: 2 deaths, 18 injuries. Bikes: 1 death, 42 injuries. (2022–2025)
Are these crashes just 'accidents'?
No. Most crashes are preventable. The same streets see the same kinds of crashes, year after year. Better design, lower speeds, and enforcement can save lives.
What can local politicians do to stop traffic violence?
They can pass and fund laws for lower speed limits, protected bike lanes, daylighting at crosswalks, and real enforcement against reckless drivers. They can refuse to delay or water down safety bills.
What is CrashCount?
We’re a tool for helping hold local politicians and other actors accountable for their failure to protect you when you’re walking or cycling in NYC. We update our site constantly to provide you with up to date information on what’s happening in your neighborhood.

Citations

Citations

Other Representatives

Eddie Gibbs
Assembly Member Eddie Gibbs
District 68
District Office:
55 E. 115th St. Ground Level, New York, NY 10029
Legislative Office:
Room 734, Legislative Office Building, Albany, NY 12248
Twitter: @AMEddieGibbs
Diana Ayala
Council Member Diana Ayala
District 8
District Office:
105 East 116th Street, New York, NY 10029
212-828-9800
Legislative Office:
250 Broadway, Suite 1880, New York, NY 10007
212-788-6960
Jose Serrano
State Senator Jose Serrano
District 29
District Office:
335 E. 100th St., New York, NY 10029
Legislative Office:
Room 418, Capitol Building 172 State St., Albany, NY 12247
Other Geographies

Manhattan CB11 Manhattan Community Board 11 sits in Manhattan, Precinct 23, District 8, AD 68, SD 29.

It contains East Harlem (South), East Harlem (North), Randall'S Island.

See also
Boroughs
City Council Districts
State_assembly_districts
State Senate Districts

Traffic Safety Timeline for Manhattan Community Board 11

16
S 775 Serrano votes yes to expand ignition interlock monitoring, boosting road safety.

May 16 - Senate backs S 775. The bill defines the ignition interlock monitor’s job. It forces offenders to install devices and obey court orders. Lawmakers act to keep repeat drunk drivers off the street.

Senate bill S 775, titled "Relates to the responsibilities of an ignition interlock monitor," passed committee votes on February 1, March 21, and May 16, 2023. The bill describes the monitor’s role and mandates compliance for those ordered to install ignition interlock devices. Primary sponsor Jeremy Cooney (District 56) led, joined by Nathalia Fernandez, Monica Martinez, and Shelley Mayer. The measure saw broad support, with senators voting yes across multiple sessions. The law aims to keep drivers with violations from endangering others by enforcing strict compliance with court-ordered ignition interlocks.


14
Distracted Driver Hits Bicyclist on East 111 Street

May 14 - A 44-year-old male bicyclist was ejected and injured on East 111 Street. The driver, distracted and inattentive, struck the cyclist on the left side doors. The cyclist suffered a fractured elbow and dislocation, riding without safety gear.

According to the police report, a collision occurred on East 111 Street involving a bicyclist and a vehicle. The 44-year-old male bicyclist was ejected from his bike and sustained a fractured elbow and dislocation. The report lists driver inattention and distraction as contributing factors. The impact was on the left side doors of the vehicle. The bicyclist was traveling west, going straight ahead, and was not wearing any safety equipment. The vehicle involved was a 2023 Mitsubishi SUV, also traveling west. The report highlights driver errors including inattention and distraction, with no mention of bicyclist fault.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4629521 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
13
Honda Runs Light, Slams E-Biker on 110th

May 13 - A Honda sedan tore through a red light at East 110th and Park. It struck a man on an e-bike. Blood spilled on the street. The cyclist’s head hit hard. Sirens wailed late. The city watched, silent and cold.

A Honda sedan heading north on Park Avenue struck a 35-year-old man riding an e-bike eastbound at East 110th Street. According to the police report, 'Traffic Control Disregarded' was the listed contributing factor. The driver ignored the traffic signal. The cyclist suffered a head injury and severe bleeding. The report notes he was not wearing a helmet, but this is mentioned only after the driver’s failure to obey traffic control. The sedan’s left front bumper crumpled on impact. Three people were in the car; none were hurt. The crash left the cyclist in shock, blood running from his head. According to the police report, traffic lights were ignored. The vulnerable paid the price.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4629274 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
12
Distracted SUV Driver Rear-Ends Another in Harlem

May 12 - Two SUVs collided on East 125th Street. A front passenger suffered neck injuries and whiplash. Police cite driver distraction and following too closely. Metal twisted. Pain followed.

According to the police report, two sport utility vehicles crashed on East 125th Street in Manhattan. The BMW SUV struck the rear of a Toyota SUV. The front passenger in the BMW, a 52-year-old woman, was injured with neck pain and whiplash. Police list driver inattention and following too closely as contributing factors. The Toyota sustained front-end damage; the BMW was hit at the right rear bumper. No ejections occurred. Both drivers were licensed. The crash shows the harm caused when drivers are distracted and fail to keep distance.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4628851 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
10
Three Injured in Manhattan SUV Rear-End Crash

May 10 - Three occupants suffered head and neck injuries in a rear-end collision on East 126 Street in Manhattan. The driver’s inattention caused the crash. All were restrained and none ejected. Shock and whiplash were reported among the injured.

According to the police report, a rear-end collision occurred on East 126 Street in Manhattan involving multiple SUVs traveling westbound. The driver of one SUV was inattentive, leading to the crash. Three occupants were injured: a 41-year-old female driver, a 62-year-old female front passenger, and a 1-year-old child in the rear seat. All sustained head or neck injuries and reported whiplash and shock. All occupants were restrained with lap belts and harnesses and were not ejected. The report lists 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as the contributing factor. No other contributing factors or victim errors were noted.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4628852 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
9
Taxi and Audi SUV Slam Head-On on East 110th

May 9 - Steel tore on East 110th. A taxi and an Audi SUV crashed head-on. The 29-year-old driver bled from every limb, conscious but torn. Traffic signals ignored. Speed ruled. The street fell silent after the impact.

A taxi and an Audi SUV collided head-on on East 110th Street. Two men, ages 29 and 52, were injured. The 29-year-old driver suffered severe bleeding to his entire body and was found conscious but unbelted. The 52-year-old driver complained of chest pain and wore a lap belt and harness. According to the police report, 'Traffic signals meant nothing. Speed and silence followed.' The police listed 'Traffic Control Disregarded' and 'Unsafe Speed' as contributing factors. Both vehicles were going straight ahead before the crash. The data shows clear driver errors: ignoring traffic control and driving too fast. No mention of helmet or signal use as a factor.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4629911 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
8
Bus Rear-Ends Parked Sedan on East 104 Street

May 8 - A bus struck a parked sedan on East 104 Street in Manhattan. The sedan driver suffered knee and lower leg injuries. Police cited the bus driver for following too closely. The sedan driver was conscious and restrained at the time of impact.

According to the police report, a bus traveling north on East 104 Street rear-ended a parked sedan. The sedan's driver, a 28-year-old man, was injured with contusions and trauma to his knee, lower leg, and foot. He was conscious and wearing a lap belt and harness. The bus driver was cited for following too closely, which led to the collision. The point of impact was the bus's right rear bumper striking the left side doors of the sedan. No other contributing factors were noted. The sedan was stationary at the time, and the bus was going straight ahead. The crash caused damage to the left side doors of the sedan and the right rear bumper of the bus.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4628940 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
6
SUV Unsafe Lane Change Hits E-Scooter Rider

May 6 - An SUV struck an e-scooter on East 125 Street in Manhattan. The e-scooter driver was ejected and injured, suffering shoulder and upper arm contusions. The crash involved unsafe lane changing by the SUV driver. Both vehicles traveled eastbound.

According to the police report, a 39-year-old male e-scooter driver was injured after being struck by a 2019 SUV on East 125 Street, Manhattan. The e-scooter driver was ejected and sustained contusions to the shoulder and upper arm. The report lists 'Unsafe Lane Changing' as a contributing factor by the SUV driver. Both vehicles were traveling straight ahead eastbound at the time of the crash. The SUV impacted the e-scooter with its left front bumper, causing damage to both vehicles. The e-scooter driver was wearing a helmet. The report does not indicate any contributing factors related to the e-scooter driver.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4627777 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
6
SUV Strikes Pedestrian Crossing Against Signal

May 6 - A 60-year-old man was hit by an SUV while crossing against the signal in Manhattan. The impact struck his head, causing a concussion. The driver was going straight southbound. The pedestrian was conscious but injured.

According to the police report, a 60-year-old male pedestrian was injured when struck by a southbound 2016 Buick SUV in Manhattan near 2 Avenue. The pedestrian was crossing against the signal at the time of the crash. The vehicle impacted the pedestrian with its left front bumper. The pedestrian suffered a head injury and concussion but remained conscious. The report lists no specific driver errors or contributing factors beyond the pedestrian crossing against the signal. The driver was licensed and traveling straight ahead. No mention of helmet or signaling factors applies.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4627824 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
4
SUV Rear-Ends Sedan on FDR Drive

May 4 - A Jeep SUV struck a Nissan sedan from behind on FDR Drive. The sedan’s passenger, 36, suffered a neck injury and shock. Both vehicles traveled south. The SUV’s right front bumper hit the sedan’s left rear. Unsafe lane changing caused the crash.

According to the police report, a 2012 Jeep SUV traveling south on FDR Drive collided with the rear left bumper of a 2019 Nissan sedan also heading south. The impact injured a 36-year-old passenger in the sedan, who suffered neck injuries and was in shock. The passenger was seated in the middle front seat, secured by a lap belt and harness. The report lists "Unsafe Lane Changing" as the contributing factor. Both drivers were licensed women from New York. The SUV’s right front bumper struck the sedan’s left rear bumper. No other contributing factors or victim errors were noted.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4627776 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
4
SUV Turns Right, Hits Motorcycle Head-On

May 4 - A Ford SUV made a right turn on East 135 Street and struck a motorcycle traveling straight north. The motorcycle driver suffered a neck injury but was conscious and not ejected. Both drivers failed to yield right-of-way, causing the collision.

According to the police report, a 44-year-old male motorcycle driver was injured when a 2018 Ford SUV turned right on East 135 Street and collided with the motorcycle going straight ahead. The motorcycle driver sustained a neck injury but remained conscious and was not ejected. The report lists 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' as a contributing factor for both drivers. The SUV was damaged on the right side doors, while the motorcycle showed no damage. The SUV driver was licensed in New York and was making a right turn at the time of impact. The motorcycle driver was also licensed in New York. No other contributing factors such as helmet use or signaling were noted.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4627782 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
1
Bicyclist Injured in Manhattan Left-Turn Crash

May 1 - A 26-year-old bicyclist was partially ejected and injured at the knee and lower leg. A Jeep sedan made a left turn on 2 Avenue, colliding with the cyclist traveling south. The crash involved unsafe speed and improper lane usage.

According to the police report, a Jeep sedan making a left turn on 2 Avenue in Manhattan struck a 26-year-old male bicyclist traveling south. The bicyclist was partially ejected and sustained contusions and injuries to the knee, lower leg, and foot. The report lists driver errors including unsafe speed and improper passing or lane usage. The bicyclist was wearing a helmet but was still injured. The sedan's left front bumper was the point of impact, though no vehicle damage was reported. The cyclist remained conscious after the crash.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4625040 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
25
Ambulance Slams Sedan on FDR Drive

Apr 25 - Ambulance hit sedan from behind on FDR Drive. Both women drivers injured. Sedan driver hurt all over. Ambulance driver suffered neck pain. Police cite following too closely. Impact was hard and sudden.

According to the police report, an ambulance rear-ended a sedan on FDR Drive in Manhattan. The 27-year-old sedan driver and the 61-year-old ambulance driver were both injured and suffered shock. The sedan driver sustained injuries to her entire body, while the ambulance driver had neck injuries. Both wore lap belts and harnesses. The report lists "Following Too Closely" as the contributing factor. The ambulance struck the sedan's center back end while both vehicles traveled straight ahead. The crash left both drivers hurt and shaken.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4627019 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
19
6-Year-Old Pedestrian Injured by BMW Sedan

Apr 19 - A 6-year-old boy was struck at an intersection on East 105 Street in Manhattan. The BMW sedan hit him with its front center while traveling west. The child suffered bruises and injuries to his knee and lower leg. Unsafe speed was a factor.

According to the police report, a BMW sedan traveling west on East 105 Street struck a 6-year-old pedestrian at an intersection. The child was not in the roadway but was injured, sustaining contusions and injuries to his knee, lower leg, and foot. The report lists unsafe speed and improper passing or lane usage as contributing factors. The SUV involved was parked and sustained damage to its rear bumper. The driver of the sedan was licensed and driving straight ahead at the time of impact. The pedestrian was conscious after the collision. No helmet or signaling factors were noted.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4622229 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
17
Sedan Ignores Signal, Strikes E-Bike

Apr 17 - A sedan ran a signal on East 97 Street and hit a northbound e-bike. The rider flew off, scraping his face. Metal bent. Signals ignored. The street stayed cold and hard.

According to the police report, a sedan traveling west on East 97 Street collided with a northbound e-bike near 3 Avenue. The 38-year-old bicyclist was ejected and suffered facial abrasions. The report lists 'Traffic Control Disregarded' as a contributing factor, showing the driver failed to obey traffic signals or signs. The sedan was damaged on its left rear quarter panel, and the e-bike's front bumper was hit. The bicyclist was not wearing safety equipment, as noted in the report. No other contributing factors were listed.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4621248 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
16
SUV Lane Change Hits Passenger SUV

Apr 16 - Two SUVs collided on FDR Drive. One driver changed lanes, striking the other’s left side. A 38-year-old female passenger suffered neck injuries and shock. She was restrained by a lap belt and not ejected. Driver distraction caused the crash.

According to the police report, the crash involved two SUVs traveling north on FDR Drive. One driver was changing lanes and struck the left side doors of the other vehicle, which was going straight ahead. The collision caused right front quarter panel damage to one SUV and left side door damage to the other. A 38-year-old female passenger in the struck vehicle was injured, suffering neck trauma and shock. She was seated in the middle front seat and restrained by a lap belt. The report lists driver inattention or distraction as the contributing factor. No other contributing factors or victim errors were noted.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4621921 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
12
Ambulance Hits Pedestrian at Manhattan Intersection

Apr 12 - A 29-year-old man was struck by a Ford ambulance traveling east on East 116 Street near Park Avenue. The pedestrian suffered a fractured knee and lower leg injuries. The ambulance showed no damage. The man was left in shock at the scene.

According to the police report, a 29-year-old male pedestrian was injured at an intersection on East 116 Street in Manhattan when he was struck by a 2020 Ford ambulance traveling east. The pedestrian suffered fractures and dislocations to his knee and lower leg, resulting in significant injury and shock. The ambulance, occupied by two licensed drivers, impacted the pedestrian on its right rear quarter panel but sustained no damage. The report lists unspecified contributing factors but does not identify any driver errors such as failure to yield or speeding. The pedestrian's actions at the time remain unknown. No safety equipment or protective gear was noted in the report.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4620485 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
9
Sedan Hits Bicyclist on 2 Avenue

Apr 9 - A sedan struck a 21-year-old male bicyclist on 2 Avenue in Manhattan. The cyclist suffered injuries to his elbow and lower arm. The driver disregarded traffic control. The bicyclist was not wearing safety equipment and was left in shock.

According to the police report, a sedan traveling west on 2 Avenue collided with a southbound bicyclist. The bicyclist, a 21-year-old male, sustained injuries to his elbow, lower arm, and hand, and was in shock at the scene. The report lists 'Traffic Control Disregarded' as a contributing factor, indicating the driver failed to obey traffic signals or signs. The bicyclist was not wearing any safety equipment. The sedan's right front quarter panel struck the cyclist, causing damage to the vehicle's right side doors. The bicyclist was not ejected and complained of pain or nausea. No other driver errors were noted.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4619631 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
8
Taxi Hits Sedan Turning Left on Park Avenue

Apr 8 - A taxi struck a sedan making a left turn on Park Avenue in Manhattan. Five occupants suffered injuries to head, back, and neck. All remained inside vehicles, wearing seat belts and airbags deployed. Injuries caused shock and complaints of pain or nausea.

According to the police report, a sedan was making a left turn on Park Avenue when it was struck on the right front quarter panel by a taxi traveling straight ahead. The collision injured five occupants: the sedan driver and three passengers, and the taxi driver. Injuries included head, back, and neck trauma, with all victims experiencing shock and complaints of pain or nausea. All occupants were restrained with seat belts and airbags deployed. The report lists contributing factors as unspecified, with no explicit driver errors noted. The sedan sustained damage to its right front quarter panel; the taxi was damaged at the center front end.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4619785 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19
6
E-Bike Slams Pedestrian on 1st Avenue

Apr 6 - A man crossed 1st Avenue at night. An e-bike struck him head-on. Blood pooled. His head split open. He stayed conscious. The rider did not stop. Both men were hurt. The street stayed loud and cold.

A 49-year-old man was struck by an e-bike while crossing 1st Avenue at East 116th Street in Manhattan. According to the police report, 'A man, 49, stepped into the dark against the light. An e-bike struck him head-on. Blood pooled. His head split. He stayed conscious. The rider did not stop.' The pedestrian suffered a severe head injury and bleeding. The e-bike rider, a 22-year-old man, was ejected and suffered chest pain. Both remained conscious after the crash. No specific driver errors or contributing factors were listed in the data. The e-bike showed no damage. The rider left the scene.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4619794 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-19