Crash Count for Manhattan CB7
Crashes: Collisions involving cars, bikes, and pedestrians. 3,393
All Injuries: Any injury from a reported crash. 1,589
Moderate: Broken bones, concussions, and other serious injuries. 445
Serious: Life-altering injuries: amputations, paralysis, severe trauma. 35
Deaths: Lives lost to traffic violence. 16
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Sep 14, 2025
Carnage in CB 107
Killed 15
+1
Crush Injuries 6
Lower leg/foot 2
Whole body 2
Face 1
Shoulder/upper arm 1
Severe Bleeding 19
Head 11
+6
Face 2
Lower leg/foot 2
Hip/upper leg 1
Shoulder/upper arm 1
Whole body 1
Severe Lacerations 8
Head 2
Lower leg/foot 2
Chest 1
Eye 1
Lower arm/hand 1
Whole body 1
Concussion 21
Head 15
+10
Neck 2
Whole body 2
Lower arm/hand 1
Lower leg/foot 1
Whiplash 39
Neck 18
+13
Back 9
+4
Head 7
+2
Face 2
Shoulder/upper arm 2
Chest 1
Lower leg/foot 1
Whole body 1
Contusion/Bruise 109
Lower leg/foot 37
+32
Head 29
+24
Lower arm/hand 14
+9
Hip/upper leg 8
+3
Back 7
+2
Shoulder/upper arm 7
+2
Face 5
Whole body 4
Abdomen/pelvis 1
Chest 1
Abrasion 85
Lower leg/foot 29
+24
Lower arm/hand 23
+18
Head 10
+5
Shoulder/upper arm 6
+1
Face 4
Hip/upper leg 4
Whole body 4
Abdomen/pelvis 2
Neck 2
Back 1
Pain/Nausea 33
Back 6
+1
Shoulder/upper arm 6
+1
Lower leg/foot 4
Whole body 4
Head 3
Lower arm/hand 3
Neck 3
Chest 2
Hip/upper leg 2
Face 1
Data from Jan 1, 2022 to Sep 14, 2025

Who’s Injuring and Killing Pedestrians in Manhattan CB7?

Preventable Speeding in CB 107 School Zones

(since 2022)
Seven dead. Hundreds hurt. Same streets, same story on the Upper West Side.

Seven dead. Hundreds hurt. Same streets, same story on the Upper West Side.

Manhattan CB7: Jan 1, 2022 - Aug 24, 2025

Another driver. Same ending.

  • Since last August, Manhattan CB7 logged 7 deaths and 433 injuries across 792 crashes. Bikes and walkers absorbed much of it. That’s the record on these blocks. Source
  • The dead include a 69‑year‑old woman struck in a left turn at Amsterdam and W 96th, a 57‑year‑old man at Broadway and W 86th, and a 74‑year‑old cyclist at W End Ave and W 70th. Each listed as “Apparent Death” in the city dataset. Amsterdam & 96th, Broadway & 86th, W End & 70th

“Demand for curb space in the city is increasing,” the DOT said as it rolled out paid curb parking overnight on the Upper West Side. Source

Bikes and walkers take the hits.

  • Pedestrians: 4 dead, 312 injured. SUVs led the harm to pedestrians in this district. Source
  • Cyclists: 2 dead, 279 injured. A turning taxi. A bus parked. A sedan too close. The records list the modes. The injuries pile up. Source

The hours tell on us.

  • Crashes climb through the day and into the night. The worst run hits at 2 p.m. to 6 p.m., with spikes at 2 p.m. (3 deaths) and 5 p.m. (1 death). Late night is not quiet: deaths logged at 12 a.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 9 p.m., and 10 p.m. Source

Three corners. One fix.

  • Henry Hudson Parkway tops the list here: 2 deaths, 228 injuries.
  • Broadway is next: 118 injured, 4 serious.
  • Amsterdam Avenue follows: 81 injured.
  • These are not mysteries. The dataset tags left turns, straight moves, and night hours. It tags SUVs. It tags failure to yield and distraction. Source

Names in the ledger.

  • Nov. 12, 2024, W 96 St at Amsterdam: a driver making a left turn hit a 69‑year‑old woman in the crosswalk. She died. The entry lists she was crossing with the signal. Dataset
  • Apr. 23, 2025, W 86 St at Broadway: an SUV going straight struck a 57‑year‑old man at the intersection. He died. Dataset
  • Apr. 24, 2025, W End Ave at W 70 St: a 74‑year‑old cyclist collided with a bus. He died. Dataset

Officials know what works — do they?

  • The state gave the city the power to drop speeds. “Allowing New York City to lower its speed limit to 20 miles per hour.” That is Sammy’s Law. Source
  • “We are taking immediate steps to fortify this intersection,” the DOT chief said after two people were killed at Canal and Bowery in a 109‑mph crash. The city moved there. The rest of the corridor still waits. Source

Three fixes. Start today.

  • Daylight and harden turns on Amsterdam, Broadway, and West End. Protect the crossings with concrete. The left turns kill here. Source
  • Target late‑day and night hours on Henry Hudson, Broadway, and Amsterdam with enforcement and calming. The deaths cluster there. Source
  • Curb the worst drivers. The Stop Super Speeders bill advanced in Albany to force speed limiters on repeat violators. Senators voted yes in committee. Source

The pattern is citywide. The tools are on the table.

  • Lower the default speed limit. Use Sammy’s Law. Source
  • Force speed limiters on repeat speeders. Move S4045/A2299. Votes and sponsors are lined up. Senate file, Assembly file

Don’t wait for the next log entry.

References and data anchors

  • 12‑month district totals and mode shares drawn from CrashCount period stats (through Aug. 24, 2025).
  • Mode split and pedestrian harm from local analysis and rollups (Pedestrians: 4 dead/312 injured; Cyclists: 2 dead/279 injured; SUVs leading pedestrian harm).
  • Hourly distribution shows deaths at 0:00, 2:00, 4:00, 12:00, 13:00, 14:00 (3), 17:00, 21:00, 22:00.
  • Top corridors: Henry Hudson Parkway; Broadway; Amsterdam Avenue; West End Avenue.
  • Contributing factors include left turns, failure to yield, distraction, and unsafe speed as tagged in the dataset and event records.

Citations

Citations

Other Representatives

Linda Rosenthal
Assembly Member Linda Rosenthal
District 67
District Office:
230 W. 72nd St. Suite 2F, New York, NY 10023
Legislative Office:
Room 943, Legislative Office Building, Albany, NY 12248
Gale A. Brewer
Council Member Gale A. Brewer
District 6
District Office:
563 Columbus Avenue, New York, NY 10024
212-873-0282
Legislative Office:
250 Broadway, Suite 1744, New York, NY 10007
212-788-6975
Twitter: @galeabrewer
Brad Hoylman-Sigal
State Senator Brad Hoylman-Sigal
District 47
District Office:
322 8th Ave. Suite 1700, New York, NY 10001
Legislative Office:
Room 310, Legislative Office Building, Albany, NY 12247
Twitter: @bradhoylman
Other Geographies

Manhattan CB7 Manhattan Community Board 7 sits in Manhattan, Precinct 20, District 6, AD 67, SD 47.

It contains Upper West Side-Lincoln Square, Upper West Side (Central), Upper West Side-Manhattan Valley.

See also
Boroughs
City Council Districts
State_assembly_districts
State Senate Districts

Traffic Safety Timeline for Manhattan Community Board 7

3
Rosenthal Supports Safety Boosting Stop Super Speeders Bill

Jun 3 - Another joins Families for Safe Streets. Another life lost. The toll rises. Grief sharpens the call for change. Streets stay deadly. The city fails to shield its own. The group grows. The danger remains.

On June 3, 2025, Gersh Kuntzman issued an advocacy statement, reported by Streetsblog NYC. The statement reads, 'There's a new member of Families for Safe Streets, which is not good news.' Joe Jankoski, mourning Amanda Servedio, spoke out after her death by a recidivist speeder. The group’s ranks swell with each tragedy. No specific bill or committee is named in this event. Kuntzman’s statement underscores the relentless danger faced by pedestrians and cyclists. The safety analyst notes: the event describes a new member joining an advocacy group, which does not directly affect pedestrian or cyclist safety at the population level. The city’s streets remain perilous. The group’s growth is a grim measure of failure.


2
SUV Left Turn Strikes Cyclist on Broadway

Jun 2 - SUV turned left on Broadway. Cyclist hit. Woman, 32, injured in the abdomen. Police cite driver inattention. Blood on the street. Bike left undamaged.

A station wagon SUV making a left turn on Broadway struck a cyclist riding straight ahead. The crash injured a 32-year-old woman on the bike, who suffered an abrasion to her abdomen and pelvis. According to the police report, 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' was listed as the contributing factor. The SUV's right front bumper took the impact. No injuries were reported for the SUV driver or occupant. The bike showed no damage. The police report does not mention helmet use or signaling.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4819085 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-18
31
SUV Collision on West 77th Kills Driver

May 31 - Two SUVs collided on West 77th. Metal slammed metal. One driver, a man, died. Three others, including another driver and two passengers, were hurt. Police cited driver inattention. The street stayed quiet after the crash. The danger was clear.

A deadly crash unfolded at 152 West 77th Street in Manhattan. Two station wagons, both SUVs, collided. According to the police report, four people were involved. One driver, a 79-year-old man, was killed. Three others, including a 62-year-old woman driver and two passengers aged 62 and 79, suffered unspecified injuries. The report lists 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as the contributing factor. Both vehicles were parked before the crash, and both sustained damage to the right side doors. The police report makes no mention of helmet use or turn signals as factors. The crash highlights the lethal risk when drivers lose focus, as documented by the official report.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4817015 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-18
31
Speeding Truck and SUV Collide on Broadway

May 31 - A truck and SUV crashed on Broadway at West 100th. One passenger bled from the head. Others shaken. Both vehicles turned left. Unsafe speed listed as cause. Metal and glass scattered. The city’s danger showed its teeth.

A tractor truck and an SUV collided while both were making left turns on Broadway at West 100th Street in Manhattan. According to the police report, unsafe speed was a contributing factor in the crash. One male passenger, age 34, suffered a head injury with minor bleeding and was in shock. Other occupants, including drivers and passengers, were listed as uninjured or with unspecified injuries. Both vehicles sustained damage, with the SUV’s left front bumper hit. The report states: “Unsafe Speed” as the primary driver error. No other contributing factors were listed. Helmet use and signaling were not cited. The crash underscores the risks faced by passengers when speed overtakes caution on city streets.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4816857 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-18
31
E-Bike Riders Protest NYPD Crackdown

May 31 - Hundreds rode through Manhattan. They called out harsh summonses for e-bike riders. Police target cyclists with criminal charges for minor traffic moves. Drivers get tickets. Riders face court. The city’s rules hit the vulnerable. The streets stay dangerous.

Gothamist (2025-05-31) reports on a protest in Lower Manhattan against the NYPD’s policy of issuing criminal summonses to e-bike riders for traffic violations like running red lights or riding against traffic. Cyclists and advocates argue the penalties are harsher than those faced by drivers for similar actions. As one protester said, “It seems unfair to me that cyclists should receive a higher penalty for doing the same thing that a person in a car would do.” Police Commissioner Jessica Tisch defended the crackdown, citing the lack of licensing for e-bikes as a challenge for enforcement, but acknowledged the need for legislative reform. The article highlights inconsistent enforcement and the risks faced by vulnerable road users, especially delivery workers. Policy gaps and unequal penalties expose systemic danger on city streets.


30
E-Bike Collision on Riverside Blvd Injures Rider

May 30 - Two e-bike riders collided at Riverside Blvd and West 62nd. One cyclist suffered a shoulder injury. Both wore helmets. Police cite driver inattention and distraction. The crash left bruises and confusion on the pavement.

Two e-bike riders crashed at Riverside Blvd and West 62nd Street in Manhattan. According to the police report, one cyclist, age 22, was injured with a shoulder contusion. Both riders were male and wore helmets. The report lists 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as a contributing factor for both cyclists. One rider was unlicensed. The crash involved one e-bike making a right turn and another going straight. Police also noted 'Pedestrian/Bicyclist/Other Pedestrian Error/Confusion' as a factor. The impact was at the center front end of both bikes. No pedestrians or other vehicles were involved.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4817014 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-18
30
NYPD Issues Criminal Summonses For E-Bikes

May 30 - An e-bike struck Renee Baruch on the Upper West Side. She woke in pain, face broken, spine injured. NYPD cracks down with criminal summonses. Cyclists protest. City Council stalls. Streets stay dangerous. Justice, tangled in policy.

NY1 reported on May 30, 2025, that the NYPD is issuing criminal summonses to e-bike riders for traffic infractions, citing a lack of City Council action on new regulations. Commissioner Tisch told the Council, "Pass e-bike regulations." Cyclists object to criminal charges for minor violations, arguing for civil penalties instead. The article highlights the case of Renee Baruch, hospitalized after an e-bike crash left her with facial fractures and a spinal injury. The NYPD’s new Quality of Life Division targets reckless e-bike use, but without updated laws, criminal summonses remain their only tool. The policy gap leaves vulnerable road users exposed and enforcement inconsistent.


28
Int 1288-2025 Brewer co-sponsors discounted senior bike share bill, boosting street safety.

May 28 - Council pushes cheaper bike share for seniors. More elders could ride. Streets may see more slow, unprotected cyclists. Danger from cars remains. Bill sits in committee. No safety fixes for traffic threats.

Int 1288-2025, now in the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, was introduced May 28, 2025. The bill, titled 'A Local Law to amend the administrative code of the city of New York, in relation to a discounted bike share rate for seniors,' requires the Department of Transportation to set lower bike share rates for those 65 and older. Council Member Farah N. Louis leads, joined by Marte, Powers, Lee, Nurse, Hanif, Brewer, and Banks. The measure aims to boost senior cycling but does not address street safety or car violence. The bill was re-referred to committee on June 4, 2025.


28
Int 1288-2025 Brewer co-sponsors discounted senior bike share bill, boosting street safety.

May 28 - Council pushes bill for cheaper bike share for New Yorkers over 65. More seniors could ride. The city’s streets may see older cyclists in the mix. The committee now holds the bill.

Bill Int 1288-2025 sits with the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Introduced May 28, 2025, and re-referred June 4, it mandates a discounted bike share rate for seniors 65 and older. The bill’s title: “A Local Law to amend the administrative code of the city of New York, in relation to a discounted bike share rate for seniors.” Council Member Farah N. Louis leads, joined by Marte, Powers, Lee, Nurse, Hanif, Brewer, Banks, and Menin. The Department of Transportation would require bike share operators to offer this rate. No safety analyst note was provided.


28
Int 1288-2025 Brewer co-sponsors discounted senior bike share bill, boosting street safety.

May 28 - Council bill pushes for discounted bike share rates for New Yorkers 65 and up. The move aims to open city streets to older riders. The measure sits with the Transportation Committee. No safety review yet.

Int 1288-2025 was introduced on May 28, 2025, and referred to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. The bill would require the Department of Transportation to set a discounted bike share rate for seniors, defined as those 65 or older. The matter title reads: 'A Local Law to amend the administrative code of the city of New York, in relation to a discounted bike share rate for seniors.' Council Member Farah N. Louis leads as primary sponsor, joined by Marte, Powers, Lee, Nurse, Hanif, Brewer, Banks, Menin, Feliz, Hanks, Avilés, and Gutiérrez. The bill was re-referred to committee on June 4, 2025. No safety analyst has yet assessed its impact on vulnerable road users.


28
Int 1288-2025 Brewer co-sponsors senior bike share discount bill, boosting street safety.

May 28 - Council pushes a bill to cut bike share costs for New Yorkers over 65. The measure aims to open city cycling to more seniors. The committee now weighs its next move.

Bill Int 1288-2025, now in the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, was introduced May 28, 2025. The bill, titled 'A Local Law to amend the administrative code of the city of New York, in relation to a discounted bike share rate for seniors,' would require the Department of Transportation to mandate lower bike share rates for those 65 and older. Council Member Farah N. Louis leads as primary sponsor, joined by Marte, Powers, Lee, Nurse, Hanif, Brewer, Banks, Menin, Feliz, Hanks, Avilés, Gutiérrez, and Restler. The bill was re-referred to committee June 4. The move aims to make cycling more accessible for older New Yorkers.


28
Int 1287-2025 Brewer co-sponsors student bike share discount bill, boosting street safety.

May 28 - Council pushes cheaper bike share for students 16 and up. More teens on bikes. Streets shift. Danger remains. The bill sits in committee. Cyclists wait.

Int 1287-2025, now in the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, was introduced May 28, 2025. The bill would require the Department of Transportation to set a discounted bike share rate for public school students aged 16 or older. The matter title reads: "A Local Law to amend the administrative code of the city of New York, in relation to a discounted bike share rate for public school students aged 16 or older." Council Member Christopher Marte leads as primary sponsor, joined by Louis, Stevens, Brooks-Powers, Ossé, Restler, Powers, Lee, Nurse, Hanif, Brewer, and Banks. The bill was referred to committee and awaits further action. No safety analysis has been provided.


27
Judge Halts Federal Attack On Tolls

May 27 - A judge stopped federal threats to choke city funds over congestion pricing. The $9 toll stands. Streets stay crowded. The fight moves to court. Safety projects hang in the balance. The city waits. The deadline looms.

Patch reported on May 27, 2025, that District Judge Lewis Liman issued a temporary restraining order blocking the U.S. Department of Transportation from withholding federal funding as leverage against New York City's congestion pricing program. The judge's order 'bars the DOT from engaging in any retaliatory measures' and prevents cancellation of the toll, which charges drivers $9 to enter Manhattan below 60th Street. Federal officials had threatened to withhold funds for road and street safety projects if the city continued the program. The order lasts until June 9, keeping the toll in place and leaving critical infrastructure funding uncertain. The article highlights the standoff between federal authorities and city leaders, with safety and mobility projects at risk.


21
Improper Bus Turn Injures Child Passenger

May 21 - A bus turned wrong on Riverside Drive. Metal scraped. A 13-year-old passenger took a blow to the leg. Shock followed. The crash left many shaken. Police blamed improper turning and passing too close. The street stayed dangerous. The city watched.

A bus making a right turn on Riverside Drive in Manhattan struck trouble. According to the police report, the crash injured a 13-year-old passenger, who suffered a knee and lower leg injury and was left in shock. The bus carried many children. Police listed 'Turning Improperly' and 'Passing Too Closely' as the main driver errors. The report shows the bus was damaged on the right side doors. No other vehicles were clearly identified as involved. The police report did not mention any helmet or signal use as contributing factors. The crash highlights the risks faced by bus passengers, especially children, when drivers turn carelessly or crowd the road.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4815514 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-18
21
Fifth Avenue Set For Pedestrian Overhaul

May 21 - City will rip up Fifth Avenue. Sidewalks will double. Lanes for cars will shrink. Trees, benches, and light will fill the space. Pedestrians, long squeezed, will finally get room to breathe. The city bets big on feet, not fenders.

amNY reported on May 21, 2025, that New York City will begin a $400 million redesign of Fifth Avenue in 2028, stretching from Bryant Park to Central Park. Mayor Eric Adams said, 'Fifth Avenue is a bustling boulevard... with more people walking down the street every hour than fill Madison Square Garden during a sold-out Knicks game.' The plan nearly doubles sidewalk widths and expands pedestrian zones, cutting space for vehicles. The redesign adds tree buffers, benches, and stormwater upgrades. Pedestrians make up 70% of avenue traffic but have less than half the space. The overhaul shifts priority from cars to people, aiming to reduce systemic danger and reclaim the street for those on foot.


19
Sedan Strikes Elderly Pedestrian at Amsterdam

May 19 - A sedan hit a 74-year-old woman crossing with the signal on Amsterdam Avenue. She suffered leg and internal injuries. Police cite failure to yield. The driver was unhurt.

A 74-year-old woman was struck by a sedan while crossing Amsterdam Avenue at West 97th Street in Manhattan. According to the police report, she was crossing with the signal when the driver, making a left turn, failed to yield the right-of-way. The woman sustained injuries to her knee, lower leg, foot, and internal injuries. The driver, a 39-year-old man, was not injured. The police report lists 'Failure to Yield Right-of-Way' as the contributing factor. No vehicle damage was reported.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4814694 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-18
16
Brewer Opposes Misguided Criminal Summonses Supports E-Bike Regulation

May 16 - Council Member Gale Brewer calls for regulation, not criminal summonses, for e-bike riders. She blasts NYPD crackdowns that endanger immigrant delivery workers. Brewer urges holding delivery apps accountable for unsafe practices, not punishing the most vulnerable on city streets.

On May 16, 2025, Council Member Gale A. Brewer (District 6) took a public stance against the NYPD’s surge in criminal summonses for e-bike violations. In her editorial, Brewer wrote, 'Regulation, not criminal summonses, makes sense.' She condemned the 4,000% spike in summonses, highlighting the grave risks these pose to immigrant delivery workers, who face potential deportation for minor traffic infractions. Brewer argued that unsafe riding stems from unrealistic delivery deadlines set by companies like Grubhub and Uber, not from inherent recklessness. She called for regulation targeting delivery app practices and for companies to set realistic delivery times and prioritize safety. Brewer’s position: punish the companies, not the workers. No safety analyst note was provided.


15
Taxi Strikes E-Scooter Rider on Broadway

May 15 - Taxi changing lanes hit e-scooter. Rider ejected, hurt in leg. Police cite driver inattention. No damage to vehicles. Night crash on Broadway.

An e-scooter rider was struck by a taxi at 1930 Broadway in Manhattan. The crash happened at night. The rider, a 25-year-old man, was ejected and suffered a leg injury. According to the police report, the taxi was changing lanes when the collision occurred. Police list 'Driver Inattention/Distraction' as a contributing factor. No vehicle damage was reported. The rider was conscious after the crash.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4813675 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-18
15
Bike Strikes Pedestrians on Columbus Avenue

May 15 - A bike hit two pedestrians on Columbus Avenue. A toddler suffered a head wound. An adult bled from the face. The cyclist was ejected and hurt. All left in shock. Confusion marked the crash.

A cyclist traveling south on Columbus Avenue struck two pedestrians, injuring a 2-year-old girl and a 45-year-old woman. The toddler suffered a head abrasion; the adult bled from the face. The cyclist, a 40-year-old man, was ejected and reported back pain. According to the police report, 'Pedestrian/Bicyclist/Other Pedestrian Error/Confusion' contributed to the crash. The adult pedestrian was crossing without a signal or crosswalk. No other contributing factors were listed.


  • Motor Vehicle Collisions – CrashID 4814696 - Crashes, Persons, Vehicles , NYC Open Data, Accessed 2025-09-18
14
Brewer Opposes Misguided Criminal Summonses for Cyclists

May 14 - Council leaders slam NYPD’s bike crackdown. Criminal summonses hit e-bike riders hard. Critics say cars kill, bikes don’t. Immigrant workers fear ICE. Lawmakers demand civil fines, not jail. Data shows bike complaints down. NYPD acts on vibes, not facts.

On May 14, 2025, Council Speaker Adrienne Adams and Manhattan Council Member Gale Brewer opposed the NYPD’s new policy turning minor cycling infractions into criminal court summonses. The crackdown, announced April 28, targets e-bike riders—90 percent of criminal summonses hit them. The NYPD admits the move is based on community complaints, not crash data. Brewer said, 'A civil summons is more appropriate when they are necessary. Car drivers rarely get criminal summonses even when they are deserved.' Mara Davis, speaking for Adams, called the policy 'misguided.' Rep. Dan Goldman warned of harm to immigrants: 'We need to be careful about criminal charges.' Advocates say the policy increases fear among delivery workers and does not address real road danger. The council calls for education, civil penalties, and action on app companies, not criminalization.